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INGFIELD  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY. 


BULLETIN  NO.  2. 

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INSECT     GALLS 

OF 

SPRINGFIELD,   MASSACHUSETTS, 
AND    VICINITY. 

BY 

FANNIE    A.    STEBBINS, 

Supervisor  of  Nature  Study 
in  the  Public  Schools  of  Springfield. 

With  32  Platks. 


SPRINGFIELD,  MASS.: 

I'UBLISHED     BY    THE     MUSEUM. 

1909. 


INSECT   GALLS  OF   SPRINGFIELD, 
MASSACHUSETTS,   AND  VICINITY. 


BY 


Fannie    A.   Stebbins,  of  Springfield,   Mass. 


A  gall  has  been  variously  defined  by  different  authors,  but  apparently 
all  agree  in  considering  it  a  deformation  or  malformation  of  some  part  of 
a  plant  due  to  injury  inflicted.  This  injury  may  be  chemical  or  mechan- 
ical, and  is  brought  about  by  the  action  of  fungus,  arachnid,  insect, 
character  of  the  soil  or  fertilizer  or  cause  or  causes  unknown.  The 
present  list  includes  only  those  galls  caused  by  insects  and  the  closely 
allied  mites. 

Altho  this  list  is  the  result  of  several  seasons'  collecting,  there  are 
undoubtedly  many  galls  which  should  be  found  here  which  have  escaped 
observation,  and  it  seems  probable  that  there  are  many,  especially  upon 
herbaceous  plants,  which  have  never  been  collected  and  described. 

No  part  of  the  plant  is  free  from  the  presence  of  galls,  they  being 
found  upon  stem,  branch,  bud,  leaf,  flower,  fruit  and  root.  They  vary 
in  color,  size,  shape,  surface  and  especially  in  structure.  The  simplest 
consist  of  little  more  than  a  folding  or  wrinkling  of  a  leaf  with  an  unusual 
growth  of  plant  hairs  and  a  slight  change  of  size  and  shape  of  the  cells. 
At  the  other  extreme  may  be  found  such  an  elaborate  structure  as  the 
common  "oak  apple."  But  they  agree  in  this,  that  there  is  always 
present  a  portion  from  which  the  maker  gets  food,  known  as  the  nutritive 
section,  and  another  portion  which  serves  as  a  protection  to  the  maker, 
the  protective  zone. 

The  effect  upon  the  plant  has  not  been  definitely  studied  in  most 
cases.  In  many  instances  no  apparent  detriment  results  owing  to  the 
comparatively  small  amount  of  tissue  affected.  Some  cases  are  commonly 
observed  in  which  the  persistence  upon  a  plant  from  year  to  year  of  a 
large  number  of  galls  renders  it  unsightly  ;  an  illustration  of  this  is  the 
gall  of  Callirhytis  punctata  on  the  black  and  other  oaks.     But  that  the 


4  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

development  of  a  large  number  of  galls  upon  a  plant  is  injurious  to  that 
plant  is  evidenced  by  the  effect  of  the  grape  phylloxera,  Phylloxera  viti- 
foliae,  generally  known  as  Phylloxera  vastatrix.  In  the  eastern  United 
States,  where  it  is  native,  little  injury  results,  but  when  it  was  carried  to 
France  it  multiplied  to  such  extent  as  to  cause  very  great  loss  in  the  vine- 
yards through  which  it  spread.  This  is  an  illustration  of  the  the  greater 
damage  done  by  a  pest  in  a  new  habitat. 

Some  galls  are  so  noticeable  that  they  have  attracted  attention  from 
earliest  times,  but  it  was  not  until  1686  that  any  systematic  work  was 
published  upon  the  subject,  when  Malpighi  issued  "De  gallis,"  whilfc  gave 
descriptions  of  those  known  in  Sicily  and  Italy. 

Among  modern  European  writers  Adler's  name  is  especially  note- 
worthy because  he  established  the  theory,  advanced  by  Bassett,  of  the 
alternation  of  generations  among  certain  of  the  Cynipidae.  Bassett  was 
able  to  verify  his  thought  in  one  case,  while  Adler  worked  out  a  series 
of  cases,  but  found  that  alternation  of  generations  was  not  universal 
among  Cynipidae,   as  Bassett  had  thought  probable. 

Howard,  in  Psyche,  1882,  v.  3,  p.  329,  says  :— "America  may  justly 
claim  the  credit  for  the  discovery  of  this  most  interesting  fact  of  alter- 
nation of  generations  among  cynipids."  Continuing,  he  says  of  Bassett  : 
"With  Cynips  q.  operator  he  had  observed  the  females  of  the  vernal 
brood  ovipositing  in  acorn  cups  and  producing  the  gall  q.  operatola  of 
Riley's  MS.  ;  but  he  failed  to  rear  the  flies  from  these  galls  and  so  missed 
the  complete  proof.  In  the  case  of  C.  q.  batatus  Bass.,  he  had  bred  the 
sexual  forms  from  leaf  galls,  and  the  agamic  females  from  twig  galls;  but 
had  not  actually  observed  the  females  of  the  former  in  the  act  of  oviposit- 
ing in  the  twigs,  thus  again  missing  the  proof.  Riley,  however,  as  he, 
tells  us  in  his  published  note,  succeeded  in  breeding  the  agamic  females  of 
(/.  operator  from  the  acorn  galls,  thus,  in  connection  with  Bassett's  obser- 
vation of  the  oviposition,  completely  establishing  the  fact  of  alternation. 
So  the  credit  should  be  joint." 

Much  was  contributed  to  our  knowledge  of  galls  by  Osten  Sacken, 
Bassett,  Fitch,  Harris,  Shinier,  Riley  and  Walsh  among  the  earlier  workers 
in  America. 

While  several  names  should  be  noted  among  recent  workers,  Pergande, 
by  patient  observation  of  the  gall-makers  upon  the  witch  hazel,  has  dis- 
closed the  identity  of  two  sets  of  insects  previously  supposed  to  be  four 
species,  and  established  the  fact  of  their  migration  from  one  host-plant  to 
another  and  buck  again.  And  Cook  has  given  us  the  results  of  careful 
study  of  the  abnormal  development  of  the  plant  tissues  and  their  cell- 
changes  under  the  stimulus  of  the  gall  maker. 

Galls  have  been  collected  in  this  section  which  owe  their  origin  to  six 
orders  : 

Acarina  (Family,  Eriophyidae). 


Insect  Galls.  5 

Hemiptera  (Families,  Aphididae,  Psyllidae). 
Coleoptera  (Family,  Cerambycidae) . 

Diptera  (Families,  Agromyzidae,  Trypetidae,  Cecldomyidae). 
Lepidoptera  (Families,  Tineidae,Elachistidae,Gelechiidae,  Tortricidae  ) 
Hymmoplera,  (Families,  Tenthredinidae,  Cynipidae). 
(For  a  more  complete  list  of  the  species  under  each  family  mentioned 
above  see  the  list  serving  as  index  of  the  gall-insects  near  the  end  of  this 
Bulletin.) 

In  general  the  more  highly  organized  insect  produces  the  more  complex 
gall.  There  may  be  apparent  exceptions  to  this  rule,  as  in  the  case  of  the 
bark  louse,  Adelges  abietis,  producing  a  gall  at  the  base  of  needles  of  the 
spruce  which  is  very  similar  to  one  produced  on  the  needles  of  the  pitch 
pine  by  a  two-winged  fly,  Diplosis  pini-rigidae. 

Order,  AC A R IN A. 
Family,  Eriophyidas,  Gall-mites. 
These  mites  are  of  minute  size,  and  are  to  be  found  among  the  hairs  or 
grains  with  which  the  concave  surface  of  the  gall  is  lined.  There  are 
several  generations  during  the  summer,  the  newly  hatched  mites  moving 
out  over  the  plant  and  producing  new  galls.  The  adults  hibernate  under 
the  scales  of  buds  or  in  crevices  in  the  bark.  A  few  species  are  found  in 
such  numbers  on  the  leaves  of  cultivated  fruit  trees  or  shrubs  as  to  cause 
much  damage,  the  aborted  leaves  not  being  able  to  provide  sufficient  food 
for  the  development  of  the  fruit.  The  galls  are  usually  very  simple  in 
structure,  and  always  have  an  opening  by  which  the   maker  can  pass  out 

Order,  HEMIPTERA. 
Family,  Aphididae,  Plant-lice. 
These  insects  are  soft-bodied,  with  sucking  mouth-parts  There  are 
winged  and  wingless  forms,  the  latter  reproducing  parthenogenetically. 
There  are  several  generations  in  a  season.  The  galls  are  usually  quite 
simple  in  structure  and  contain  many  insects.  There  is  an  opening  for 
their  egress,  altho  in  a  few  cases  this  remains  closed  until  the  gall  matures 
and  dries  slightly. 

Family,  Psyllidae. 
These  are  much  like  the  aphids,  but  have  hind  legs  fitted  for  jumping. 
The  galls  are  similar  in  general    structure,   altho   possibly    a   little   more 
complex. 

Order,  COLEOPTERA. 
Family,  Cerambycidae,   Longicorn  beetles. 
Most  cerambycid  larvae  are  borers  in  the  wood  of  ti-ees  and  shrubs,  a 
few  in  herbaceous  plants,  but  the  larvae  of  a  few  species  produce  galls. 

Order,  DIPTERA. 
Family,  Agromyzidae . 
The  production  of  galls  b}r  the  larvae  of  agromyzids  is  very  exceptional ; 
most  of  these  larvae  mine  in  the  leaves  or  stems  of  plants. 


6  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Family,  Trypetidae. 
These  flies  are  most  of  them  nearly  as  large  as  a  house-fly.     There  are 
few  that  produce  galls.     The  galls  are  comparatively  complex. 

Family,    Cecidomyidae,  Gall-gnats. 

These  are  small  two-winged  flies  which  are  seldom  noticed.  The  eggs  are 
laid  on  a  surface  of  the  plant.  The  larvae  either  feed  from  the  surface, 
making  an  open  gall,  or  gnaw  into  the  tissues  of  the  plant,  making  a 
closed  gall  which  opens  on  maturity  at  the  place  where  the  larva  entered, 
altho  during  the  growth  no  opening  may  be  evident.  The  larvae  can 
generally  be  identified  by  the  color,  yellow,  orange,  or  reddish,  and  by  the 
structure  of  an  organ  near  the  anterior  end,  which  has  been  designated  the 
"breast-plate"  or  "breast-bone."  These  gall-makers  are  numerous  both 
in  species  and  individuals.  Their  galls  are  sometimes  quite  complex 
in    structure. 

Order,    LEPIDOPTERA. 
Families,  Tineidae,  Elachistidae,  Gelechiidae,  Tortricidae. 

The  adults  are  very  small  moths.  There  are  very  few  gall  makers 
among  them.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  surface  of  the  plant,  the  larvae 
enter  the  tissues  and  either  leave  an  opening,  as  in  the  gall  of  Ecdytolopha 
insiticiana  on  the  locust,  or  just  before  pupation  gnaw  almost  through  the 
wall,  leaving  a  place  for  the  emergence  of  the  adult,  which,  of  course, 
having  no  organs  for  boring  or  biting,  could  not  otherwise  escape. 

Order,  HYMENOPTERA. 
Family,  Tenthredinidae,  Saw-flies. 
The  members  of  this  and  the  following  family  are  four-winged  insects. 
The  adult  tenthredinid  is  distinguished  by  the  structure  of  the  ovipositor, 
which  consist  of  several  toothed  blades,  by  which  the  insect  cuts  or  saws 
into  the  plant  tissue,  and  there  deposits  the  eggs.  AVhether  a  gall-maker 
deposits  also  some  irritating  liquid  which  causes  the  gall  is  a  much  dis- 
cussed question.  However  that  may  be,  it  is  true  that  the  only  cases  so 
far  directly  observed  in  which  a  gall  is  formed  before  or  without  the  hatch- 
ing of  the  egg  have  been  in  this  family,  among  the  Nematinae.  The  larvae 
somewhat  resemble  caterpillars.     Several  species  make  galls  on  willows. 

Family,  Cynipidae,  Gall-wasps. 
In  the  adult  the  abdomen  is  usually  compressed.  The  ovipositor  is 
long  and  slender,  and  can  well  bury  the  egg  within  the  plant-tissue,  leaving 
no  mark.  The  larvae  pupate  in  the  closed  gall,  and  the  insects  when 
mature  cut  their  way  out  of  it.  Alternation  of  generations  is  one  of  the 
most  interest  ins:  features  in  the  life  of  these  highest  of  gall-makers.  The 
galls  are,  without  exception,  complex  in  structure,  with  several  distinct 
divisions  of  the  walls,  and  many  interesting  adaptations  for  the  protection 
of   the  inmate. 


Insect  Galls.  7 

Within  galls  may  sometimes  be  found  parasites  or  inquiliues.  The 
former,  preying  directly  upon  the  gall-maker,  causes  its  death,  but  not 
until  its  growth  is  nearly  or  quite  complete.  The  inquilines  are  merely 
guests  within  the  gall,  profiting  by  the  food  supply  and  by  the  protection. 


Aside  from  the  collection  of  the  galls  of  different  localities,  and  the  sub- 
sequent summary  of  their  distribution,  two  very  interesting  questions 
suggest  themselves  for  investigation.  First,  are  these  malformations  the 
result  of  chemical  or  of  mechanical  action  ?  Second,  of  which  of  the 
American  gall-makers  is  it  true  that  there  is  alternation  of  generations? 
The  classification  of  gall-insects  will  undoubtedly  be  somewhat  altered 
when  this  question  is  answered.  Either  line  suggests  a  fascinating  series 
of  observations  and  experiments  for  the  one  undertaking  it. 


My  thanks  are  especially  due  to  George  Dimmock,  Ph.  D.,  for  sug- 
gestions in  preparing  this  paper,  for  use  of  publications  not  otherwise 
available  and  for  reading  the  manuscript.  Also  assistance  has  been 
rendered  by  Mrs.  Anna  D.  Nash  in  preparing  some  of  the  photographs. 


PLANT   LIST. 

A  list  of  the  plants  upon  which  the  galls  described  in  this  bulletin 
are  found. 

The  plant  names  are  in  accordance  with  Britton's  Manual  of  the  Flora 
of  the  Northern  States  and  Canada  .  .  .  .  1907.  See  Systematic  index 
for  family  to  which  gall-insect  belongs. 

PIN  ALES. 

PINACEAB. 
Pinus  rigida. 

Diplosis  rigidae  Packard.     Pitch-pine  needle-gall. 

Diplosis  pini-rigidae  Packard,  10th  ann.  rept.  U.  S.  geog.  and  geol.  surv.  terr.  f.  1876, 1878,  p. 

527,  fig.;  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  798-800,  fig.  271. 
Cecidomyia  resinicola  Aldrich,  Cat.  N.  A.  dipt.,  1905,  p.  160  (following  KertOsz  ) 

This  gall  consists  of  an  enlargement  at  base  of  cluster  of  needles. 
The  base  of  each  is  widened  and  curved  so  as  to  form  one  spherical 
chamber  within  which  are  several  smaller  ones,  apparently  in  pitch.  The 
diameter  of  the  galls  is  about  5  mm.  The  needles,  stunted  in  growth, 
are  from  1  to  2  cm.  long.     On  pitch  pine,  Pinus  rigida. 


8  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Picea  canadensis. 
Adelges  abietis  Linn.  Spruce  gall.  Fig.  1. 

Cherme8  abietis  Linnaeus,  Syst    n:tt.,  1767,  v.  1,  pt.  2,  p.  738. 

Cholodkow9ky,   Zool.  unzeiger,  1894,  jatarg.  17,  p.  434  437;   1896,  band   19, 

p. 37 -40. 
Fernald,  9ih   aim.   rept.   Hatch   exp.   sta.,  1897,   p.  85-86;  34th   aim.  rept. 

Mass.  agr.  coll     f.   1896,    [Mass.— Pub.  doc,  no.  31,  1896],  1897,  p.  89- 

100,  pi.  1-2 
Gillette,  Bull.  47,  Col.  agr.  exp.  sta.,  1898.  p.  £6-37. 
Lochhead,  30th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1899,  p.  60-6!,  fig.  8. 
Gillette,  Bull.  31,  Div.  ent.,  U.  S.  dept.  agr.,  1902,  p.  52-53. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  ]y06,  p.  63. 
Adelges    abietis,  Pnckard,   Bull.  7,   U.  S.   ent.    comm.,   18S1,    p.  235;    5th    rept.    U.   S.  ent- 

coirini.,  1890,  p.  853 
Kieffer,  Ann.  Soc  ent.  France,  1902,  v.  10,  p.  377,  554. 

These  galls  are  swellings  of  the  base  of  the  needles.  Poly  thai  anions. 
In  July  the  galls- dry,  the  cavities  open  and  the  insects  escape.  On  white 
and  black  spruce,  Picea  canadensis  and   P.   inariana. 

Picea  inariana. 
Adelges  abietis  Linn.  See  above. 

S  A  LI  C  ALES. 

SALICACEAE. 
Populus. 
Pemphigus  populicaidis  Fitch.  Poplar  stem-gall. 

Pemphigus  populicaidis  Fitch,  5th  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  for  1858,  1859,  p.  845. 
Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  305. 
Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  57,  245. 
LeBaron,  3d  rept.  ins.  111.,  1873,  p.  193. 
Thomas,  Trans.  Dept.  agr.  111.  f.  1878,  1879,  n.  s.,  v.  8  (Thomas,  3d 

rept.  ins.  111.),  p.  149. 
Henry,  Amer.  ent.,   1880,  v.  3   (s.  2,  v.  1),  p.  205-206,  fig.  110.     (The 

figure  by  Riley) 
Oestlund,  Bull.  4,  Geol.  and  nat.  hist.  surv.  Minn.,  1S87,  p.  21. 
Packard,  5tl)  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  471. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1903,  v.  3,  p.  425-426,  fig.  57-58;   1904,  v.  4,  p.   118. 

124;  29th  ann.  rept.    Dept.   geol.  and    nat.   res.    Indiana    f. 

1904,  1905,    p.  849,  fig.  41. 
Jarvis,  87th  ann.  rept.  Ent    soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  64,  pi.  C,  fig.  3. 

An  irregularly  spherical  gall  at  union  of  blade  and  petiole.     The  open- 
ing is  closed  by  a  twisting  of  the  leaf.       Common  on  several  poplars. 
The  insects   emerge  when    the  gall  dries    somewhat  and  opens,  usually 
about  the  middle  of  the  summer. 
Pemphigus  transversus  Riley,  Poplar  petiole  gall. 

Pemphigus  populi-transversus  Riley,  Bull.   U.  S.  geol.  and  geog.   surv.  terr.,  1879,  v.  5,   p. 

15-16,  pi.  2,  fig.  5. 
Oestlund,  Bull.  4,  Geol.  and  nat.  hist.  surv.  Minn.,  1887,  p.  21. 
Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  43-1. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,   1903,  v.  3,  p.  425426,  fig.  65  56;    1904,  v.  4,  p. 

118,  124:     29th.   ann.  rept.    Dept.   geol.  and  nat.  res. 

Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  850,  fig.  42. 

This  oval  gall  is  formed  midway  of  the  petiole,  on  one  side,  with  the 
opening  opposite  the  petiole  and  transverse.  Not  common.  On  poplar, 
Populus. 


Insect  Galls.  V 

Populus  deltoides. 
Pemphigus  vagabundus  Walsh. 

Byrsocrypta   vagabunda  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  306307;    1864,  v.  2,  p.  462. 
Pemphigus  vagabundus  Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1868,  v.  1,  p.  57;    1869,  v.  1,  p.  107108. 
fig.  87-88. 
Packard,   Guide   study    ins.,  I860,    p.  524,  fig.      522,525. 
Oestlund,    Bull.  4.    Geol.  and    nat.    hist.    surv.   Minn.,    1887,  p.  22. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  118,140,  fig.  112;  29th  aim.  rept.  Dept. 
geol.   and  nat.   res.    Indiana    1".  1904,  19  5,    p.  850-851,  fig.  43, 
Jarvis,   37th  ann.  rept.   Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  63. 

A  deformation  of  the  terminal  bud  with  the  leaves  so  changed  as  to 
lose  all  appearance  of  leaves,  each  becoming  bag-like,  sonic  like  cock's 
combs.  Yellow-green,  becoming  nearly  black  in  winter.  Persistent. 
Very  common.      On  poplar,  Populus  deltoides. 

Populus  grandidentata. 
Mecas  inornata Say.  Poplar  twig  gall.  Fig.  2. 

Saperda   inornata  Say,  Journ.  Acad.  nat.   sci.   Phil.,  Is23,  v.  3,  p.  407. 

Walsh,   Proc.   Ent.  soc.   Phil.,   1867,  v.  6,   p.  264. 
Mecas  momata   Packard,  5th  rept.   U.   S.   ent.  comra.,  1S9(),  p.  427-42S,  fig.  156. 

Irregularly  spherical  swelling  of  the  twig,  1-3  cm.  in  diameter.  At 
first  smooth,  pithy,  in  second  season  becomes  cracked  without  and  hollow 
within.  Beetle  bores  its  way  out  in  May.  On  Popxdus  grandidentata 
and    P.    tremuloides. 

Cecidomyia?  irregularis,   n.  s.  > 

Irregular,  monothalamous,  blister-galls,  between  veins.  Usually  more 
than  one  on  a  leaf.  Projecting  above  mainly,  presence  indicated  below  by 
a  light-colored,  roughened  space.  On  large-toothed  aspen,  Populus  grand- 
identata.    Not  rare. 

Populus  tremuloides. 

Pemphigus?  rileyi  n.   s.  Poplar  cluster-gall.  Fig.  3. 

A  spherical,  red  and  yellow  gall  occurring  in  clusters,  usually  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaf,  near  the  petiole.  Above  there  is  a  conical  projec- 
tion at  the  top  of  which  is  the  opening.  Thin-walled.  About  5  mm.  in 
diameter.      On  aspen,  Populus  tremuloides.      Rather  common. 

Mecas  inornata  Say.      See  above. 

Agromyza    simplex   Loew. 

Agromyza    simplex    Loew,   Dipt.   Amer.    septentr.  indig.,    centur.  viii,   p.  84.    (Berl.  ent. 
zeitschr.,  1869.) 

An  irregularly  oval,  rough  gall  occuring  singly  or  two  in  line  on  the 
twig.  Color  of  the  bark.  About  8  mm.  long,  4  mm.  wide.  Polythala- 
mous.     On  American  aspen,  Populus  tremuloides. 

(This  is  apparently  the  same  gall  as  is  attributed  to  Agromyza 
aeneiventris  Fallen  by  Jarvis  (38th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p. 
85-86,  pi.  A,  fig.  8),  but  the  imago  reared  from  a  Springfield  gall  answer- 
ing the  same  description  has  been  pronounced  by  Mr.  C.  W.  Johnson,  of 
Boston,    to   be  Agromyza  simplex.) 


10  Bulletin  2:     Spkixgfield  Museum. 

Ectoedemia  populella  Busck. 

Ectoedemia populella  Busck,  I'roc.  Ent.soc.  Washington,  1907,  v,  8,  p.  97-99. 

This  subglobular,  one-celled  gall  is  found  on  the  petiole  at  its  union 
with  the  blade  of  the  leaf.  There  are  distinct  longitudinal  ridges.  Color 
like  that  of  the  petiole.  About  5-7  mm.  in  diameter.  The  cell-walls  are 
1-2  mm.  thick.  Very  abundant  on  American  aspen,  Populus  tremuloides. 
In  October  the  larvae  go  down  to  pupate  in  the  ground.  The  moth 
emerges  in  May. 

Salix. 
Eriophyes  aenigma  Walsh.  Willow  mite  gall.  Fig.  8. 

Cecidomyia  salicis-aenigma  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  608-610. 
Acarus  salicis-aenigma   Walsh,   Proc.   Ent.  soc.    Phil.,  1866,  v.  6,  p.  227. 

Deformation  of  leaf  or  flower  bud.  Polythalamous,  irregular  mass 
both  in  size  and  shape.  1-3  cm.  long.  Like  a  woolly  tangle  of  aborted 
flower  parts.  Silvery  to  ash  gray  in  color.  Appears  in  early  summer 
(June).     On  willow,   Salix. 

Eriophyes    semen    Walsh.     Willow  seed  gall. 

Cecidomyia   solids -semen   Walsh,     Proc.  Ent.  soc.   Phil.,  1864,  v.   3,  p.  606  60S. 
Acarus  solids-semen  Walsh,     I'roc    Ent.  soc.   Phil.,  1S66,  v.  6,  p.  226-227. 

Cook,   29th    ann.  rept.   Dept.    geol.    and    nat.    res.    Indiana    f.  1904, 
1905, p.  858. 

A  small,  monothalamous,  sac-like,  rounded  gall.  About  1  mm.  in 
diameter.  Usually  on  upper  side  of  the  leaf  with  the  opening  below. 
Found  in  large  numbers  on  the  leaf  affected.  Begins  in  early  summer, 
matures  with  the  leaf.      On  willow,  Salix. 

Cecidomyia   verruca    Walsh. 

Cecidomyia  salicis-verruca  Walsh,    I'roc    Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  606;  1866,  v.  6,  p.  226. 

Monothalamous,  subspherical  gall  on  midrib  or  veins  of  leaf.  Projects 
very  slightly  on  upper  surface,  much  more  on  under  surface  where  the 
insect  emerges,  apparently,  from  a  neat  round  hole.  (This  latter  char- 
acteristic, so  distinct  from  Walsh's  description,  has  made  me  mistrust  my 
identification.)     On  two  species  of  willow,  Salix.     Late  summer. 

Mayetiola  riyidae  Osten  Sacken.  Willow  club-gall.  Fig.  9. 

Cecidomyia  salicis  Fitch,  Airier,  quart  journ.  agr.  and  sci.,  1845,  v.  1,  p.  263.  (Nomen  praeoc.) 
Cecidomyia  rigidae  Osten  Sacken,  Mon.  X.  A.   dipt.,  1862,  pt.  1,   p.  189. 

Walsh,    I'roc.   Ent.   soc.   Phil.,  1864,   v.  3,   p.  594-597, 

Riley,   Amer.  ent.  and   hot.,  1870,  v.  2,  p.  214,  tig.    133. 

Cook,   Ohio   nat.,   1903,   v.  3,   p.   422,   tig.  42. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68. 
Mayetiola  ri<ji<l<i<-  Felt,  23d   rept.  ins.  X.   Y.  f.   1907,  1908,   p.  357,  371. 

Monothalamous,  irregularly  conical,  twig-gall,  sometimes  terminal, 
frequently  with  a  twig  growing  from  its  side,  always  with  several  buds  on 
sides.  It  is  tipped  with  a  hollow  bud  which  looks  as  if  it  had  died  early 
in  the  development  of  the  gall.  Reddish  brown,  grooved  lengthwise. 
About  2  cm.  long.  Larval  cell  extends  the  length  of  the  gall.  On  common 
willows.  Common.  Insect  remains  as  larva  during  winter,  pupates  in 
spring,  soon  emerges  through  terminal  beak. 


Insect  Galls.  11 

Rhabdophaga  batatas  Walsh.  Willow   potato-gull.  Fig.   7. 

Cecidomyia  sqlieis-batatas  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  606;  1866,  v.  6,  p.  225-226. 

Packard,  5th   rept.   U.  S.   ent    comm.,  1890,  p.  598. 
Cecidomyia  batatas,   Beutenmiiller,   Bull.  Anier.   mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  268. 
Rhabdophaga  batata*  .Tarvis,   38th   ann.    rept.    Ent.   soc.  Ontario,   1907,  p.  86,    pi.  A,  i\a.  7 
Felt,  23d  rept.   ins.    N.    Y.  f.   1907,  190S,   p.  8»8,  355,  pi.  35,  tig.   7. 

An  extremely  variable,  polythalamous  twig-gall.  Usually  not 
terminal,  surrounding  the  twig,  sometimes  with  leaves  or  small  twigs 
growing  from  sides,  sometimes  several  strung  along  the  twig.  Spongy 
or  woody  within.  On  several  willows.  Common.  Insect  remains  as 
larva  during  the  winter,  pupates  in  spring  and  soon  emerges. 

Rhabdophaga  brassicoides  Walsh,         Willow  eabbage-gall.  Fig.    6. 

Cecidomyia  salicis-brassicoides   Walsh,     ['roc.   Ent.   soc.   Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  575,  577-580. 

Walsh   and   Riley,  Amer.  Ent.,  1869,   v.   1,   p.  105,  lig.  84. 

Packard,   Guide    study    ins.,  1869,  p.   377,  fig.  282;  5th    rept. 
U.    S.   ent    comm.,   1890,   p.  580. 

Townserul,   Can.    ent.,   1895,   v.   27,   p.  205-207. 
Cecidomyia  brassicoides,  Beutenmiiller,    Bull.    Amer.    mus.    nat.    hist.,    1892,    v.    4,  p.    268. 
Rhabdophaga  brassicoides   Felt,  23d   rept.  ins.  K.   Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  338,  356. 

Gall  consisting  externally  of  rather  close  clusters  of  leaves,  lint  not 
so  closely  overlapping  as  in  R.  strobiloides,  the  leaves  broader  and  with 
full  margins,  giving  ruffled  effect.  Somewhat  conical  in  outline,  about  4 
cm.  long  by  25-30  mm.  broad  at  base.  Color  like  leaves  of  bush,  turning 
very  dark  in  winter.      On  willow,  Salix. 

Rhabdophaga  gnap/haiioides  Walsh.  Fig.   4. 

Cecidomyia    salicis-gnaphalioides  Walsh,     Proc    Ent.   soc.    Phil  ,   1864,  v.    3,   p.  575,  583  585; 

1866,   v.   6,    p.   223-224. 

A  monothalamous,  solitary,  oval  gall,  terminal  on  twigs.  It  consists 
of  closely  overlapping  leaves,  much  dwarfed,  the  tips  pinched  together  to 
form  a  beak,  and  spreading.  About  1  cm.  long.  Yellow-brown  with  the 
outside  of  each  leaf  so  covered  with  appressed,  whitish  hairs  as  to  look 
silvery.  Gall  formed  in  summer,  insects  appearing  in  late  April  or  in 
May.      On  willow,  Salix. 

Rhabdophaga  strobiloides  Osten  Sacken.     Pine-cone  willow-gall.     Fig.  5. 

Cecidomyia  strobiloides  Osten   Sacken,  in   Loew's   lion.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1S62,  pt.  1,  p.  203. 
Walsh   and   Riley,  Amer.  ent.,   1869,  v.   1,  p.  105,  fig.   82. 
Packard,  Guide  study  ins.,  1S69,  p.  377,  fig.  281. 
Beutenmiiller,   Bull.   Amer.  mus.  nat.   hist.,  1S92,  v.  4,   p.  267-268, 

pi.   15,  fig.  1. 
Cook,    Ohio   nat.,   1902,    v.  2,   p.  272,   fig.   32;  1903,   v.  3,   p.  419;  29th 
ann.    rept.   Dept.  geol.   and  nat.   res.  Indiana  f.  1904, 
1905,  p.  840,  fig.  33-34. 
•Tarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.   soc.   Ontario,  1906,  p.  66. 
Cecidomyia  salicis-strobiloides  Walsh,    Proc.   Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864  v,.  3,  p.  580-583. 
Rhabdophaga  strobiloides  Felt,  23d   rept.  ins.  N.   Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  338,  355,  356. 

Cone-shaped  gall  consisting  of  a  deformed  terminal  bud,  the  leaves 
closely  overlapping.  Monothalamous.  2-3  cm.  long.  Very  abundant 
on  willows.  Fully  grown  in  July.  Insect  emerges  the  following  spring. 
On  several  species  of  willows,  Salix. 

Cryptocampus   cooperae    Cockerell.  Fig.    10-11. 

Cryptocampus  coopeme  Cockerell,   Ann.   and   mag    nat.  hist,   1901,  s.  7,  v.   7,   p.  335. 
Rohwer,  Journ.   N.  Y.  ent.  soc,  1909,  v.  17,  p     11-12. 


12  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

A  roughened,  irregular,  many-celled  gall,  rising  very  abruptly  from 
the  side  of  the  twig.  Woody,  knotty.  Two  or  more  crowded  together, 
or  occurring  singly,  5-Jo  mm.  long,  5-10  mm.  wide.  On  willow,  Salix. 
September. 

Oryptocampus   nodus   Walsh. 

Euura  salicis-nodus   Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc   Phil.,  1866,  v.  6,   p.  253  254. 

Norton,  Trans.   Amer.  ent.  soc,  1867,  v.  1,  p.  82-83;  1£P8,  v.  2,  p.  368. 
Cryptocampu8  salicis-nodus  Rohwer,  Journ.  N.  Y.  ent.  soc,  1909,  v.  17,  p.  1516.      (Further 

bibliography.) 

A  gradual  enlargement  of  the  twig,  usually  around  the  twig,  and  sev- 
eral near  one  another.  Polythalamous.  From  twice  to  several  times  the 
diameter  of  the  twig.  1-3  cm.  long.  Larvae  sometimes  remain  in  gall 
over  winter,  sometimes  go  under  ground.  Emerge  in  April  or  May.  On 
willow,  Salix  sp. 

Cryptocampus    ovum  Walsh.  Willow   egg-gall.  Fig.   12. 

Euura   salicis-ovum  Walsh,     Proc    Ent.  soc.   Phil.,  1866,  v    6,  p.  251-252. 

Norton,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc  ,  1867,  v.  1,  p.  80-82. 
Euura  ovum,    Beutenmiiller,   Ins.    galls  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  24,  fig.   (Not   sufficient    for 
identification  ) 
Jarvis,  37th   aim.  rept.   Ent.   soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  69 
Cryptocampus  salicis  ovum   Rohwer,  Journ.   N.  Y.  ent.  soc,  1909,  v.  17,  p.  12  14.      (Further 

bibliography.) 

This  monothalamous  gall  consists  of  a  deformed  hud  the  tip  of  which 
persists.  The  gall  varies  considerably  in  size  and  shape,  sometimes 
nearly  spherical,  again  elliptical  or  ovoid,  and  tapering.  When  mature 
the  larval  cell  is  surrounded  by  a  red-brown  spongy  mass,  containing 
fibers  transverse  to  the  stem.  Rather  common  on  willow,  Salix  sp. 
Insect  remains  as  larva  during  winter.  Some  apparently  pupate  under- 
ground.    Imago  in  April. 

Salix  cordata. 
Nematus  pomum  Walsh.  Willow  apple-gall. 

Nematus  salicis-pomum   Walsh,    Proc.   Ent.   soc.   Phil.,  1S60,  v.  ri,   p.  255. 

Norton,  Trans.    Amer.    ent.    soc,  1867,  v.  1,  p.  216  218.      (Quotes 
Walsh's  description.) 

Walsh   and   Riley,   Amer.   ent.,  1870,  v.  2,  p.  45,  fig.  30. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  122,  127,   143,  fig.  93,  110,  127. 
Nematus  pomum,    Beutenmiiller,  Bull.    Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4.  p.  263. 

Rounded,  fleshy  leaf-gall,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter.  Green  with  rosy 
cheek.  Appears  early  in  the  spring,  matures  by  late  July.  Insect 
emerges  the  following  April.  Common  on  heart-leaved  willow.  Salix 
cordata. 

JUGLANDALES. 
JUGLANDACEAE. 
Hicoria    (Carya.) 
Phylloxera  caryaecaulis  Fitch.  Hickory  louse-gall. 

Pemphigus  caryaecaulis  Kitch,  1st  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.,  1855,  p.  859-860. 

Dactylosphaera  caryae-magnum  Shimer,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1869,  v.  2,  p.  391. 


Inskct  Galls.       •  13 

Dactylosphaera  spinesum  Shinier,  op.  tit.,  p.  397. 
Dactylosphaera  subellipticum  Shinier,  op.  tit.,  p.  389. 

Phylloxera  caryaecaulis  Walsh   and   Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  227. 
Riley,  7th   rept.   ins.   Mo.,  1875,    p.   117. 
Cook,  Ohio  nut.,  1903,  v.  3,    p.  421,  425;  29th   ami.  rept.   Dept,  geol. 

and    nat.    res.    Indiana    f.    1904,   1905,   p.   854,   lis-  -15. 
Pergande,  Proc.  Davenport  acad.  sci.,  1904,  v.  9,  p.  244-247,  tig.  40-44 
106  114,  124-127. 

Hemispherical  gall  of  varying  size  on  stem,  petiole  or  ribs  of  leaves. 
Hollow,  filled  with  lice.  Bursts  open  becoming  cup-shaped.  Tough. 
May  and  June.      Common  on  hickories,  Hicoria. 

Phylloxera   globuli   Walsh. 

Phylloxera  caryae-globuK   Walsh,    Proc.   Ent.  soc.    Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  309;  1867,  v.  6.  p.275- 
Riley,  7th   rept.   Ins.   Mo.,   1*75,  p.   117. 
Packard,  5th  rept.  U.   S.  ent.   comm  ,  1890,  p.   322. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  p.  266,   tig.  18;   1903,  v.  3,  p.  425,  fig. 
63:  29th   ann.   rept.   Dept.  geol.  and   nat.  res.  Indiana  f. 
1904,  1905,  p.  852. 
Pergande,   Proc.  Davenport  acad.  sci-,  1904,  v.  9,  p.  222-225. 
Dactylosphaera  hemisphericum   Shinier,  Trans.   Amer.   ent.  soc,   1869,  v.  2,  p.  387  388. 

A  hemispherical  gall  on  upper  side  of  leaf,  opening  by  a  slit  on  the 
under  side.  5-7  mm.  in  diameter.  Green  becoming  black.  On  hickories, 
Hicoria. 

Cecidomyia  caryai-cola  Osten  Sacken.        Hickory    seed-gall.         Fig.     13. 

Cetidomyia    caryaecola   Osten   Sacken,   in   Loew's   Mon.  dipt.  N.   A.,   1S62,  pt.  1,  p.  192 

Beutenmiiller,   Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,   v.  4,  p.  266,  pi. 
14,  fig.  2. 

Smooth,  elongated  gall,  somewhat  conical,  apex  prolonged  into  a  point, 
which  is  frequently  curved.  Monothalamous,  7-9  mm.  long,  3-4  mm.  wide. 
Green  becoming  brown  in  fall.  Common  separately,  or  mixed  with  other 
galls,  in  large  numbers  on  under  side  of  leaves  of  hickories,  Hicoria. 

Cecidomyia  per sico ides  Osten  Sacken.  Hickory  peach-gall. 

Cecidomyia  persicoides  Osten   Sacken,  in    Loew's   Mon.  dipt.  N.   A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  193. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.   Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4',  p. 267,  pi.  14, 
fig.  3;  1907,  v.  23,  p   393,  pi.  17,  fig.  10. 

Rounded,  irregular  galls  on  under  side  of  leaf.  Variable  both  in  shape 
and  size.  Covered  with  a  very  fine  down.  One  medium  sized  one  about 
5  mm.  in  diameter.  Monothalamous.  Light  brown  when  mature.  Not 
as  abundant  as  other  species  of  cecidomyid  galls  on  hickories.  On  hick- 
ories, Hicoria.      August. 

Cecidomyia  sanguinolenta  Osten  Sacken.  Hickory    cone-gall. 

Cecidomyia  sanguinolenta  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  l,p    192. 
Beutenmiiller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  28,  fig. 

Conical  gall,  narrowed  at  the  base.  About  4  mm.  high,  3  mm.  wide. 
Red  or  violet.  Monothalamous.  Found  in  July.  Common  on  under 
side  of  leaves  of  hickories,  Hicoria. 

Hormomyia  holotricJia  Osten  Sacken.  Hickory  onion-gall. 

Cecidomyia holotricha  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A..  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  193. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  266,  pi.  14.  fig.  1 : 

Ins.  galls  vicin.  X.  V.,  1904,  Separate,  p.  26-27,  fig. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  140-141,  fig.  116;  29th  ann.  rept,  Dept.  geol. 
and  nat.  res.  Indian:!  t.  1904,  1905,  p.  840. 
Hormomyia  holotricha  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  t.  1907,  1908,  p.  382,  389. 


14  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Subglobular,  rnonothalamous  galls,  3-5  mm.  in  diameter,  covered 
with  pale  hairs  when  young  which  become  rusty  brown  when  the  gall  is 
mature.  Very  abundant  on  under  side  of  leaves  of  different  hickories, 
Hicoria.  Sometimes  so  massed  as  entirely  to  cover  the  leaf.  Sometimes 
with  other  galls.  Larvae  fully  grown  in  October. 
Hormomyia  tubicola  Osten  Sacken.  Hickory  tube-gall. 

Cecidomyia  tubicola  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  L92. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  267,  pi.  14,  tig.  4; 

Ins.  galls  vicin.  X.  Y.,  1904,  p.  27,  tig. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat., 1904,  v.  4,  p.  141,  titf.  117;  29th  ami.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and 
nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  840. 
Hormomyia  tubicola  Kelt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  382,  3X8,  pi.  37,  lig.  5. 

Slender,  cylindrical  galls  inserted  in  a  saucer-like  base  from  which 
they  fall  very  easily.  About  5  mm.  long,  1  mm.  wide.  Green  when 
young,  becoming  brown  or  almost  black  at  the  tip  when  mature.  In 
October  each  contains  one  very  light,  full-grown  larva,  Usually  in 
clusters  on  leaves  of  different  hickories,  Hicoria.  Common.  Galls  fall 
to  the  ground  where  the  insects  mature. 

Hicoria  ovata. 
Hormomyia  caryae  Osten  Sacken. 

Diplosis  caryae  Osten  Saeken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1.  p.  191. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  SOC.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  67. 
Hormomyia  caryae  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  382,  388. 

Smooth,  globular,  monothalmous,  seed-like  gall,  with  a  small  point  at 
apex.  2-4  mm.  in  diameter.  In  summer  green  and  soft,  in  winter  brown 
and  woody.  Those  collected  in  October  contained  full-grown  larvae. 
Fly  emerges  in  April.  Common  on  leaves  of  shell-bark  hickory,  Hicoria 
orata . 

Hicoria  alba. 

Phylloxera  fallax  Riley. 

Phylloxera  caryae-fallax  Riley,  7th  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1875,  p.  lis. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  I*.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  323. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2.  p.  266,  fig.  17;  1903,  v.  3,  p.  425,  tiff.  51-52;  29th 
ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.    Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p. 
852-853,  fig.  44. 
Pergande,  Proc.  Davenport  acad.  sci.,  1904,  v.  9,  p.  214-216,  fig.  52-53, 

71-74. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  64,  pi.  C,  tin'.  4. 

Conical  gall  on  upper  side  of  leaf,  opening  on  under  side  of  leaf  by  a 
much  shorter  cone.  About  5  mm.  above.  Very  abundant  on  white-heart 
hickory,  Hicoria  alba. 

Phylloxera  caryaevevae  Fitch. 

Pemphigust  caryaevenae  Fitch,  3d  rept.  ins.  N.  v.,  1856,  p.  126. 

Phylloxera  caryaevenae  Riley,  7th  rept,  ins.  Mo.,  1875,  p.  117. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  r.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  322. 

Pergande,  Proc.  Davenport  acad.  sci.,  1904,  v.  9,  p.  239-243,  fig,  88-39, 

'.is.  1(15. 
Cook,   29th  aim.  rept.   Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.    Indiana  1.  1904,   1905, 

p.  852. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Kid.  soc.  Ontario,  L906,  p.  64. 


[NSECT    (  Iai.I.s.  ]'> 

Tliis  gall  is  a  folding  of  the  Leaf  along  the  midrih  with  the  opening 
below,  guarded  by  a  hair-like  growth.  On  white-heart  hickory,  Hicoria 
alba.     Not  common. 

Phylloxera    pilosula  Pergande. 

Phylloxera  pilosula  Pergande,  Proc.  Davenport  acad.  sei.,  linn,  v.  !»,  p.  203-205,  Ulc.  17,  49. 

Convex  on  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  prolonged  below  into  a  long  and 
slender  point,  which  splits  into  five  or  six  parts.  Covered  above  and 
below  with  yellowish  shiny  hairs.  3-6  mm.  in  diameter,  2-3  mm.  thick. 
Not  r  ire  on  white-heart  hickory,  Hicoria  alba. 

Hicoria  glabra. 
Phylloxera   semen  Walsh. 

Xerophylla  caryae-semen  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1867,  v.  6,  p.  2*3. 
Dactylospliaera  caryae-semen  Walsh,  1st  rept.  ins.  111.,  1868,  p.  23. 

Shinier,  Trans.  Amrr.  cut.  soc,  1869,  v.  2,  p.  392-393. 
Phylloxera  caryae-semen  Riley,  7th  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1875,  p.  117. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  17.  S.  rut.  comm.,  1890,  p.  322. 

Pergande,  Proc.  Davenport  acad.  sci.,  1904,  v.  9,  p.  211-213,  fig.  50-51. 

A  small  seed-like  gall  found  by  hundreds  on  upper  side  of  leaf  of  pig- 
nut, Hicoria   glabra,  Jul}'. 

FAG  ALES. 
BBTULACBAE. 
Carpinus  caroliniana. 
Cecidomyia  pudibunda    Osten  Sackeu. 

Cecidomyia  pudibunda  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  202. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  66,  pi.  1),  fig.  6. 
Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  389,  pi.  13,  fig.  s. 

This  gall  consists  of  a  fold  between  the  larger  veins  of  the  leaf,  pro- 
jecting above,  open  beneath.  Green  becoming  brown  or  red,  7-11  mm. 
long,  1-3  mm.  high,  tapering  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf.  On  American 
hornbeam,  Carpinus  caroliniana.  Collected  by  Dr.  Geo.  Dimmock,  Aug. 
and  Sept.  1908. 

This  gall  seems  to  be  the  same  as  Cecid.  pudibunda.  It  is  called 
Contarinia  carpini  and  is  found  on  Carpinus  betulus  of  Europe.  See 
C.  Houard,  Les  zoocecidies  des  Plants  d'Europe,  1908,  p.  187. 

Corylus  americana. 
Eriophyes  avellanae  Jarvis.  Hazelnut  bud-gall. 

Eriophyes  avellanae,  Jarvis,  39th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1908,  p.  83. 

This  gall  is  an  abortion  of  the  terminal  bud  and  sometimes  the  lateral 
bud  or  buds.  The  stem  does  not  develop,  and  the  leaves  become  scarcely 
more  than  scales.  Subspherical,  about  1  cm.  in  diameter.  On  hazelnut, 
Corylus  americana.  Rather  common.  Similar  to  Phytoptus  coryligallarum 
Targ.  of  Europe. 

Eriophyes   coryli    n.  s.  Mite  gall  of  hazelnut. 

A  deformity  of  the  leaf  brought  about  by  the  excessive  shortening  and 
thickening  of  midrib  and  some  of  the  main  veins,  producing  puckering  of 


16  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

the  blade  tissues.  The  thickened  sac-like  veins  are  really  the  galls, 
opening  by  slits  above.  Pubescent.  On  leaves  of  hazelnut,  Corylus 
americana.     One  specimen.     September. 

Cecidomyia?  squamulicola,   n.   s.  Hazel  catkin  gall.  Fig.   14. 

A  gall  which  deforms  the  base  of  the  sterile  catkins,  increasing  the 
size  of  the  scale,  so  the  diameter  of  the  catkin  is  twice  or  thrice  the  normal. 
Not  uncommon  on  hazelnut,   Corylus  americana.     September. 

Betula  lenta. 

Hamamelistes     spinosus    Shimer. 

See  account  of  this  species  under  Hamamelis  virginiana,  further  on. 

Betula  lutea. 
Eriophyes  betulae  n.  s.  Bud  gall  of  birch.  Fig.  15. 

Without  scientific  name,  Hagen,  Can.  ent.,  1885,  v.  17,  p.  "25. 

Eriophyes,  sp.,  Jarvis,  37th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  sqc.  Ontario  1906,  p.  59,  pi.  A,  tig.  6. 

An  abnormal  growth  of  the  buds,  the  terminal  growth  being  checked, 
forming  considerable  masses  of  undeveloped  buds.  On  yellow  birch, 
Betula  lutea.     Common. 

Alnus  rugosa. 
Dasyneura  serrulatae  Osten  Sacken.  Alder  bud-gall.  Fig.  16. 

Cecidomyia  serrulatae  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  X.  A.,  1st:.',  pt.  1,  p.  198. 

Beutemmiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  1,  p.  264,  pi.  13,  fig.  -I: 

Ins.  galls  vicin.  X.  V.,  1904,  p.  '21,  fig. 
Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68. 
Dasyneura  serrulatae  Felt,  ■.'.'id  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907, 1908,  p.  336,  ^">l . 

A  deformation  of  the  terminal  bud.  Rounded,  very  pubescent,  brown, 
10-15  mm.  in  diameter.  Not  common.  On  Alnus  rugosa.  Galls  collected 
in  October,  kept  on  moist  earth,  gave  a  fly  the  following  April. 

FAGACEAE. 
Pagus   americana. 
Eriophyes?  ferruginea  Farlow.  Beech  mite-gall. 

Erineum  ferrugineum  Farlow,  Hagen,  Can.  cut..  1885,  v.  17.  p.  26. 
Without  scientific  name.  Garman,  Psyche,  1892,  v.  6,  p.  246. 
Eriophyes,  sp.,  Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soe.  Ontario  1906,  p.  62. 

The  upper  side  of  the  leaf  is  discolored  and  somewhat  depressed  above 
the  clusters  of  granules  which  on  the  under  side  are  very  numerous.  The 
mites  feed  among  these  granules.  At  first  white,  "frosty,"  later  brown. 
On  beech,  Fagus  americana. 

Castanea  dentata. 

Eriophyes  dentaiae  n.  s.  Chestnut  leaf  gall.  Fig.  17. 

Eriophyes,  sp.,  Jan  i^.  38th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  '.»•'!. 

A  small,  rough,  monothalamous  gall  on  the  leaf.  Woody,  circular, 
projecting  more  above,  2-:'.  mm.  in  diameter,  usually  surrounded  by  a 
light  ling.  Larval  cell  held  in  place  by  radiating  libers.  Usually  several 
on  a  leaf  of  chestnut,  Castanea  denta la . 


Insect  Galls.  17 

Cecidomyia^  castaneae,  n.  s.  Fig.  18. 

An  ellipsoidal,  monothalamous  gall  found  singly  or  in  small  groups 
near  the  base  of  leaves  of  chestnut,  Castanea  dentata,  projecting  from 
under  side  of  the  principal  veins,  occasionally  from  the  midrib,  seeming 
to  be  an  enlargement  of  the  vein.  It  opens  by  a  slit  above,  extending 
the  length  of  the  gall,  the  lips  tightly  (dosed.  The  surface  is  smooth  like 
the  surface  of  the  leaf.  The  walls  are  succulent,  from  0.6  to  1.5  mm. 
thick  at  hack.  Galls  6-12  mm.  long,  3-6  mm.  wide,  4-8  mm.  deep,  tap- 
ering to  union  with  the  leaf  at  the  ends.  Light  yellow-green,  a  few 
tinged  with  red.  Collected  from  very  young  trees,  on  short  sprout  from 
base  of  tree,  in  dune,  when  the  galls  seemed  well  grown. 

A  gall  which  seems  to  lie  identical  is  described  by  C.  "Houard,  in  Les 
Zoocecidies  des  Plantes  d'Europe.  p.  210.  This  occurs  on  Castanea 
vulgaris. 

Quercus. 

Cecidomyia  nioeipila    Osten    Sacken.  Oak    fold-gall. 

Cecidomyia  niveipila  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  199-200. 

BeutenmHller,    Bull.   Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  J71 ;  Ins.  nulls 

vicin.  N.  Y..  1904,  p.  31,  fig. 
Jarvis,  :i~th  ann.  r<']>t.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  06. 
Irregular  in  size  and  shape,  consists  of  a  fold  or  cavity  from  the  upper 
side  of  the  leaf.  The  fold  is  lined  with  white  pubescence  which  is  also 
conspicuous  on  the  under  side.  Sometimes  the  whole  leaf  is  deformed, 
sometimes  only  the  midrib.  In  a  large  gall  several  larvae  are  found  ; 
these  go  into  the  ground  to  pupate.  Common  early  on  leaves  of  several 
kinds  of  oaks,  Quercus. 

Quercus,  black  oak  group. 
Andricus  excavatus  Ashmead.  Excavated  gall. 

Andricus excauatus  Ashmead,  Proe.  V.  S.  nut.  inns.,  1896,  v.  19,  p.  121. 

Rounded,  woody  galls,  looking  as  if  they  had  been  forced  out  of  slits 
in  the  twigs.  Varying  much  in  shape  anci  size,  from  3-6  mm.  in  diameter. 
Brown,  monothalamous.  Collected  in  fall,  insects  emerge  in  following 
spring.     On  black  oak  group,  Quercus. 

Quercus    rubra. 
Cecidomyia  majalis  Bassett.  Vein  gall  of  oak.  Fig.  32. 

Cecidomyia  quercus-majalis  Bassett,  Proe.  Ent.  sue.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  :i,  p.  682-683. 
Cecidomyia  majalis  Osten  Sacken,  Proe.  Ent.  soc,  Phil.,  1865,  v.  i.  p.  340,353;  Trans.  Amer. 
ent.  sue.  1870,  v.  :>,  p.  53. 

Packard, 5th  rept.  V.  s.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  207. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68,  pi.  D,  fig.  5. 

An  oblong  blister-like  gall  along  the  principal  veins,  usually  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaf.  It  opens  by  a  slit  on  the  opposite  side  which  may 
be  opened  by  pulling  the  leaf.  Green  becoming  brown.  Sometimes  veins 
show  on  the  gall.      Thin- walled.     The  larva  drops  to  the  ground  to  trans- 


js  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

form.     Common  on  scarlet  oak,  black  oak,  red  o:ik  and  pin  oak,  Quercus 
coccinea,  Q.  velutina,  Q.  rubra  and  Q.  palustris. 

Cincticornia  pilulae  'Walsh.  Oak  pill-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-pilulat  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  2,  p.  481-482. 
Cecidomyia  quercus-inlulae  Walsh  and  RUey,  Amer.  cut..  1869,  v.  -2,  p.  29. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  L890,  p.  206-207. 
Cecidomyia  pilulae,    Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  269,  pi.  15,   fig.  3; 
[ns,  galls  vioin.  N.  V..  1904,  p.  30,  fig. 
(  ook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2.  p.  267,  fig.  •_';;;  29th,  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and 
nat.  res.  Indiana  1.  1904,  1905,  p.  841. 
Cincticornia  pilulae  Felt,  23(3  rept.  ins.  N.  V.  1.  1907,  1908,  p.  374,381. 

A  solid,  rounded,  irregular  polythalamous  gall  on  upper  side  of  leaf. 
Differs  from  C.  symmetrica  Osten  Sacken  in  having  a  small  green  projec- 
tion on  under  side  of  leaf  instead  of  being  same  above  and  below. 
Frequently  several  coalesce.  Brown  becoming  reddish.  Surface  much 
cracked,  later  the  covering  bursting  and  standing  up  ragged  and  irregular. 
Common  on  several  species  of  red  oak  group.      Matures  in  September. 

Amphibolips  coelebs  Osten  Sacken.  Oak  spindle-gall.  Fig.  26-29. 

Cynips  quercus-coelebs  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1861,  v.  1.  p,  60-61;  1865,  v.  4,  p.  340. 
Amphibolips  coelebs  Packard,  5th  rept.  I'.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p    105. 

Beutentn tiller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  V.,  1904,  p.  1-2.  tin-. 
A  smooth,  spindle-shaped  gall,  attached  to  the  midrib  or  to  a  large 
vein,  sometimes  very  little  of  the  leaf  developed,  Stem  long,  the  gall 
tapering  very  gradually,  especially  at  the  base,  tip  pointed.  Light  brown. 
3-4  cm.  long,  4-15  mm.  wide.  Monothalamous,  thin-walled,  the  larval  cell 
supported  mainly  by  longitudinal  fibers,  a  few  radiating  transverse  fibers. 
On  red  oak,  Quercus  rubra,   and  on   scarlet  oak,    Q.  coccinea.      Not   rare. 

Amphibolips  confluentus  Harris.  0:dv  apple. 

Cynips  confluentus  Harris,  Kept.  ins.  Mass.  inj.  veg.,  1841,  p.  397;  Treat,  ins.  N.  !•'.  inj.  veg., 

1842,  p.  397. 
Cynips  confluens  Harris,  Treat,  ms.  N.  E.  inj.  veg.,  1852,  p.  433;  Treat,  ins.  inj.  veg.  (Flint  ed.), 

1862,  p.  .">!<;. 
Cynips  quercus-spongiflca  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  y.  l,  p.  244-249;  L865,  \  .  4,  p. 

340-341,  354. 
Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  2,  p.  443-500,  ti#. 
Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  103,  fitf.  78. 
Walsh,  Amer.  ent.  and  hotan.,  1870,  v.  •-',  p.  330-335,  titf.  :>. 
Cynips  quercus-aciculata  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  56-57  note,  245;  1865, 

v.  4,  p.  345. 
Cynips  quercus-coccineae  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  I,  p.  243,  248. 
Amphibolips  coccineat  Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 

Packard,  .">th  rept.  V .  S.  ent.  connn.,  1890,  p.  Int. 
Imphibolips  spongiflca  Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc.  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294;  Psyche,  1903,  v.  Id, 
p.  154. 
Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  1st. 
Amphibolips  confluentus  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  250,  pi.  10, fig.  4. 
Cook.  ( >hio  nat.,  1904,  v.  I,  p.  119,  126,  131,  111.  fig.  in.-).  121. 

A  globular  gull  found  attached  to  leaf  by  small  portion.  Monothala- 
mous; larval  cell  surrounded  by  brown  spongy  mass,  and  that  by  :i  rather 
smooth  thickened  wall.  Pale  green  and  SOi't  while  fresh,  turning  brown 
and  brittle.  2-1  cm.  in  diameter.  Common  on  Mack,  red  and  scarlet 
oaks,  Quercus  velutiva,  (J.  rubra  :ind   (J.  cot-duett.     Begins  growth  about 


[nsect  Galls.  19 

May.     Males   and  females  emerge  in  June.     Sonic  females  remain  until 
October  (0.  acicnlata  Os ten  Sacken.)     A  good  example  of  dimorphism. 

Amphibolips  inanis  Osten  Sacken.  Empty  oak-apple. 

Callaspidia  confluenta  Fitch  (non  Harris),  5th  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1858,  1859,  p.  817. 
Cynips  quercus  i  nun  is  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.   Ent.  soc.  Tin  I..  1861,  v.  1,  p.  58,  242;  1865,  v.  4,  p.  :<:><.. 
Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  1864,  v.  •_',  |>.  157  460;  1864,  \ .  ::.  p.  408-430 
\\  alsh  and  Riley,  imer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  l,  p.  104,  fig.  Ti). 
Walsh,  Aiiiit.  ent.,  1870,  v.j.  p.  330-335,  flg.  6. 
Amphibolips  inanis  Ashmead,  Trans.  Ann-r.  cut.  soc.  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 
Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  184. 
Packard,  5th  rept.  17.  S.  ent.  eomm.,  1890,  p.  105. 

Beutenmuller,   Hull.  Amei.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  I.  p.  251,  pi.  10,  fig.  5. 
Cook,  Ohio  mil.,  1902,  v.  -J,  p.  268,  fig.  Js;    L904,  v.  4.  p.  1  l'.t.  126,  131, flg.  79,  104. 

This  is  a  spherical  gall  with  thin  walls  from  which  many  fibers  extend 
towards  the  center,  these  holding  in  place  the  cell  in  which  the  larva 
develops.  The  gall  is  between  15  and  :J0  mm.  in  diameter,  light  yellow- 
green  changing  to  light  brown.  Common  on  leaves  of  scarlet  and  red 
oak,  Quercus  coccinea  and  Q.  rubra.     Matures  in  June. 

Amphibolips  nubilipennis  Harris.  Transparent  oak-gall.  Fig.  23. 

Cynips  nubilipennis  Harris,  Rept.  ins.  Mass.  inj.  veg.,  1841,  p.  ttis;  Treat,  ins.  N.  E.  inj.  veg., 
184-2,  p.  398;  smiu,  1852,  p.  434;  Treat,  ins.  inj.  tfeg.  {Flint  ed),   1862, 
p.  ;>4s. 
Cynips  quercus-sculptus  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  324. 
Cynips sculpta  <>stcn  Sacken,  Proc  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  .Tit;. 
Cynips  quercus-sculpta  Packard,  5tb  rept.  U.  S.  cut.  comm.,  1890,  p.  114. 
Amphibolips  sculpta  Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  184. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  V .  s.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904.  v.  4,  p.  142,  fiy:.  123. 
Amphibolips  nubilipennis  Beutenmuller,  Psyche,  11)08,  v.  1."),  p.  In. 

A  smooth,  globular,  fleshy,  monothalamous  gall,  looking  like  a  green 
grape,  translucent.  8-15  mm.  in  diameter.  Difficult  to  preserve.  Found 
on  red  oak,  Quercus  rubra,  scarlet  oak,  Q.  coccinea  and  black  oak,  Q. 
velutiua.     Insects  appear  in  June. 

Amphibolips  primus  Walsh.  Acorn  plum-gall.  Fig.  .">*--]<) 

Cynips  quercus-prunus  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  ism,  v.  3,  p.  639. 

Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  360. 
Walsh  ami  Riley,  Amer.  cut.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  Kit,  fig.  80-81. 
Amphibolips  prunus  Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v. 5,  p.  1st. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  cut.  comm.;  1890,  p.  105,  115. 
Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  inns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v,  4,  p.  252. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  \  .  4,  p.  142,  fig.  122. 

A  subspherical,  fleshy,  solid,  monothalamous  gall.  Smooth.  Bright 
red  shading  to  yellow  within.  About  15-30  mm.  in  diameter.  On  the 
cup  of  acorn  of  red  oak,  Quercus  rubra,  and  scrub  oak,  Q.  nana.  Fairly 
common.  Falls  readily  from  the  acorn,  so  it  may  be  frequently  found  on 
the  ground.  The  insect  remains  two  years  in  the  gall;  emerges  in  the 
spring.     When  the  gall  grows  to  large  size  the  acorn  remains  small. 

Andricus  piperoides  Bassett. 

Andricus piperoides  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  cut.  soc.  1900,  v.  26,  p.  314-31."). 

These  galls  are  found  in  clusters  of  one  to  live  dozen  along  the  midrib, 
looking  as  if  they  had  burst  out  from  the  inside  of  the  leaf  or  vein.     Fach 


20  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

is  smooth,  spherical,  attached  by  a  small  stein,  3-8  mm.  in  diameter, 
monothalamous,  grayish  or  tinged  with  red.  They  fall  to  the  ground, 
where  the  larva  completes  its  metamorphosis,  which  sometimes  requires 
two  years.  Insects  in  second  summer.  Leaves  of  red  oak,  Quercus 
rubra.  Not  rare. 
Andricus  singularis  Bassett.  Small  oak  apple. 

Cynips  quercus-singularis  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  isc>3,  v.  2,  p.  326. 

Cynips  singularis  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Km.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4.  p.  355. 

Cynips  nubilipennis  Fitch  (non  Harris).     Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  sue.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4.  p. 

340,  348. 
Andricus  singularis  Bassett,  Amer.  nut..  1882,  v.  16,  p.  346. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  cut.  sue..  1885,  v.  12,  p.  295. 

Gillette,  I'syche,  18-9,  v.  5,  p.  186. 

Packard,  5th  rcpt.   V .  S.  cut.  comm..   1890,  p.  105. 

Hi ■  ii t en miiller,  Bull.  Amer.   inns.  uat.  Inst..  1892,  v.  4.  p.  256;  pi.   II,  fig.  4. 

Spherical,  smooth,  thin-walled  gall,  projecting  on  both  sides  of  the 
leaf.  About  1  em.  in  diameter.  The  larval  cell  held  in  place  by  radiating 
fibers.  Green  becoming  brown  and  brittle.  Common  on  red  oak,  Quercus 
rubra.       Insects  in  July. 

( 'allirhytis  punctata  Bassett.  Knot  oak-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-punctatq  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  lsr>3,  v.  2,  p.  324. 
(  ynips  quercus-podagrae  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  2,  p.  492. 
(  ynips  punctata,  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  341,  358. 
Andricus  (Callirhytis)  punctata  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  cut.  soc.  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 

Packard,  5th  rcpt.  I '.  s.  cut.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  t.  p.  253-254. 

Jarvis,  38th  aim.  rcpt.  Ent.  SOC.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  91,  fig. 
. Ind/ricus punctatus Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  '<.  p.  185. 

An  irregularly  spherical,  rough,  woody  gall,  constricted  at  its  union 
with  the  branch  which  it  usually  surrounds.  Polythalamous.  Color  of  the 
branch,  but  turning  almost  black  with  age.  Varying  greatly  in  size ; 
sometimes  several  are  united  and  masses  the  size  of  the  fist  are  formed 
which  impair  the  appearance  of  the  tree.  On  black  oak,  Quercus  velutina, 
and  red  oak,  Q.  rubra.     Common.     Reported  on  scarlet  oak,  Q.  coccinea. 

Cynips?   constricta,    n.    s.  Fig.    24. 

A  smooth,  fleshy,  one-celled  gall  occurring  scattered  on  the  under  side 
of  the  leaf,  along  midrib  or  larger  veins.  Urn-shaped.  Green  with  red 
tips,  shiny.     4-0  mm.  tall,  3-4   mm.  wide.     On  red  oak,  Quercus   rubra. 

September. 

Cynips   decidva    Bassett.  Fig.  54. 

Cynips  quercus-decidua  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  \ .  3.  p.  689. 

Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1880,  v.  3,  p.  27s. 

Packard,  5th  rcpt.  U.  S.  cut.  comm.,  1890,  p.  115. 

Clusters  of  seed-like  galls,  often  thirty  or  more,  growing1  on  the  mid- 
rib of  leaves.  Smool  h,  monothalamous,  larger  at  tip  where  there  is  a  slight 
riii".'.  About  6  mm.  long.  Greenish-white,  looking  as  if  they  had  burst 
the  covering.  Full  grown  in  October,  but  apparently  the  larvae  grow 
after  the  galls  have  fallen  to  the  ground.     On   red  oak,  Quercus  rubra. 


[nsect  Galls.  21 

Dryoplianta   lanata    Gillette.  Fig.    2.~>. 

Dryophanta  lanata  Gillette,  Bull.  111.  stale  lab.  rial .  hist.,  1891,  v.  3,  p.  198,  pi.  9,  fig.  5. 

A  cluster  of  several  lighl  In-own.  wooly  galls,  sometimes  pink-tinted, 
found  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf.  Individual  galls  cone-shaped,  mono- 
thalamous,  attached  by  tip  of  cone  to  common  center.  About  5  nun. 
wide.  ")-7  mm.  high.  The  galls  fall  from  the  leaf  in  early  autumn.  The 
flies  emerge  the  following  spring.  Common  on  scarlet  oak,  Quercus 
coffined.     Figured  on  red  oak,  Q.  rubra. 

Holcaspis  fasciata    Bassett.  Fig.    43. 

Holcaspis  fasciata  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1900,  v.  26,  p.  328-329. 

Spherical,  smooth  galls  arranged  in  lines  near  the  tips  of  the  year's 
growth.  In  the  fall  full  of  a  fleshy  mass  with  no  distinct  organism.  5-15 
mm.  in  diameter.  Banded  with  irregular  red  and  green  spots.  Turning 
dark  and  falling  to  the  ground,  where,  during  the  next  summer,  the  larva 
develops  and  emerges  the  succeeding  fall.  Common  on  scrub  oak, 
Quercus  nana;  also  found  on  Q.  coccinea,  (J.  velutina -and  Q.  rubra. 

Quercus  palustris. 
Cecidomyia  foliora    Russell    and    Hooker.  Fig.  30. 

Cecidomyia  foliora  Russell  and  Hooker.  Ent.  news,  1908,  v.  19,  p.  349-352,  pi.  14. 

Kelt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  384,  415. 
Cecidomyia  erubescens  <>sten  Sacken,  who  described  the  gall  only,  in  Loew'sMon.  dipt.  X. 
A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  200. 
This  gall  consists  of  a  rolling  of  the  edge  of  the  leaf  over  to  the  upper 
surface.  Occasionally  the  larva  begins  eating  at  a  hole  in  the  leaf,  caus- 
ing the  roll  at  that  place.  Color  more  or  less  red.  One  or  more  larvae. 
May.  Common  on  scarlet  oak,  Quercus  coccinea.  Sometimes  on  black 
oak,  (J.  velutina,  and  pin  oak,  (J.  palustris. 

Cecidomyia  majalis  Bassett.     See.  p.  17. 

Callirhytis  cornigera  Osten  Sacken.     Horned-knot  oak-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-cornigera  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  180'.',  v.  1,  p.  251. 
Cynips  cornigera  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil..  1865,  v.  4,  p.  358. 
Andricus  (Callirhytis)  cornigera  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  It;,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 

Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  185,  221. 

Packard, 5th  rept.  r.  s.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  10.">. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  urns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  253,  pi. 
10,  lig.  3. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  122-123,  143-144,  tig.  130. 

Irregularly  spherical,  indented  at  union  with  stem,  rough  with  protub- 
erances from  which  the  insect  emerges.  Polythalamous.  Hard,  woody, 
2-5  cm.  in  diameter.  Color  of  the  branch  of  pin  oak,  Quercus  palustris, 
on  which  it  is  found.  Not  common.  Insects  emerge  in  September;  two 
sexes. 

Callirhytis  palustris  Osten  Sacken.  Succulent  oak  gall.  Fig.  37. 

c>/iiil>x  quercus  palustris  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1861,  v.  1,  p.  51,  62-63;  lSti."),  v.  4,  p. 
359;  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1870,  v.  3,  p.  54-55. 
Bassett,  Croc  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  329. 
Walsh,  Proc.  Eut.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  2,  p.  488. 


22  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Andricus  (Callirhytis)  palustris  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  L882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  .A  mer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 
Packard,  r> 1 1 »  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  In;,.  113. 
#  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  liiit.  liist.,  1892,  v.  4.  p   -.'."it;. 
Dryophanta  palustris  Cresson,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1887,  v.  1 !,  suppl.,  p.  17'.). 

Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  L890,  v.  17,  p.  74. 
Andricus  palustris  Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc  Ontario,  1906,  p.  71. 
Westwood    (quoting    Bosc),    Intr.    mod.    classif.    ms.,   1840,    \.  2,  p.   131,  probably  refers 

to  this  species. 

Spherical,  fleshy,  smooth,  hollow  gall  on  young  leaves.  Monothala- 
nious.  The  larval  cell  spherical,  rolling  about,  unattached.  Green, 
becoming  brown.  About  1  cm.  in  diameter.  Rather  common  on  pin  oak, 
Quercus  palustris.  Abundant  on  aments  and  leaves  of  scarlet  oak,  (J. 
coccinea,  and  scrub  oak.  Quercus  nana.     Insects  in  May. 

Quercus    coccinea. 
Cecidomyia  foliora  Russell  and  Hooker.     See  p.  21. 
Cecidomyia  majalis  Osten  Sacken.     See  p.  17. 
Cecidomyia  pustuloides  Beutenmiiller.  Fig.  36. 

Cecidomyia  pustuloides  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus. nat.  hist..  1907,  v.  23,  p.  390. 

Irregular,  blister-like,  hard  galls  projecting  from  either  or  both  sides 
of  the  leaf.  Many  on  the  edge,  others  scattered  within  the  blade.  One- 
celled  to  several-celled  (  !  ).  Opening  above  or  below.  Leaf  somewhat 
puckered.  Galls  1.5-4  mm.  in  diameter,  about  1  mm.  thick.  Walls 
rather  thick,  woody.  Red,  of  color  of  surrounding  parts  of  leaf  when 
found,  Oct.  11.  On  scarlet  oak,  Quercus  coccinea,  and  black  oak,  (J. 
velutina. 

AmpJiibolips  coelebs  Osten  Sacken.     See  p.   IS. 

Amphibolips  conjiuentus  Harris.     See  p.  18. 

Ampliibojijis  i mini*  Osten  Sacken.     See  p.  19. 

Amphibolips  nubilipennis  Harris.     See  p.  19. 

Amphibolips  tinctoriae  Ashmead.  Fig.  19-20,  31. 

Amphibolips  tinctoriae  Ashmead,  Proc.  t".  s.  nat.  inns..  1896,  v.  19,  p.  125. 

Thin-walled,  smooth,  monothalamous  galls,  sometimes  several  together, 
on  tip  of  young  twigs.  Irregularly  triangular  in  outline,  much  inflated 
on  one  side,  with  a  distinctly  sharp  edge.  The  brown  larval  cell  held  in 
place  by  radiating  filters.  Has  a  thin  but  hard  wall;  6-20  mm.  long.  1-1  1 
mm.  wide.  Green  with  dark  spots  when  young,  brown  when  mature. 
Very  abundant  on  one  tree,  from  which  many  had  fallen.  Scarlet  oak, 
( \> a e r<- n .s-  coccinea,  and  black  oak,  (J.  velutina. 

Near  Port  Jefferson,  bong  Island,  N.  Y.,  in  October,  190*,  the  ground 
under  several  oaks  examined  was  literally  strewn  with  these  galls,  which 
there  averaged  considerably  larger.  .Many  had  their  larval  chambers 
emptied,  apparently  by  birds. 


Insect  Galls.  23 

Andricus  ¥  gallaestriatae,  n.  s.  Striate  oak-gall.  Fig.  34. 

A  spindle-shaped  gal]  developed  from  a  very  small  bud  near  the  base 
of  last  season's  twig,  projecting  from  the  tip  of  the  laid.  Top  lilnnt  wit  1 1 
inserted  tip.  Comparatively  thick-walled,  the  one  larval  cell  fi  1 1  i  n  u"  the 
space,  with  a  mere  suggestion  of  supporting  fillers  at  either  end.  Stem 
longer  than  remainder  of  the  gall.  (Jail  about  2  cm.  long,  2  nun.  wide. 
Green  yellow  with  each  of  the  7-10  longitudinal  ridges  tinned  with  red. 
more  strongly  on  one  side  of  the  gall  than  on  the  other.  On  scarlet  oak, 
Quercus  coccinea.     September. 

This  gall  resembles  Andricus  callidoma  G  fraud  and  A.  giraudi  W'aclitl 
of  Europe  in  situation  and  general  shape,  but  is  smooth  instead  of  hairy. 
See  C.  Houard's  Les  zoocecidies  des  plantes  d'Europe,  1908,  p.  2o<>  and 
2  1 3 . 

Callirhytis  fruticola    Ashmead.  Fig.  33. 

Callirhytis  fruticola  Riley  .Ms.,  Ens.  life,  1893,  v.  5,  p.  196;  Murtfeldt,  Ins.  life    L894,  v.  6,  p.  *2-J. 
Ashmead,  I'roc.  1'.  S.  nat.  urns.,  1896,  v.  19,  p.  131. 

Small  galls,  several  (7  or  more)  completely  filling  the  shell  of  acorns. 
So  massed  as  to  give  irregular  shapes.  Walls  pithy,  inner  wall  firm, 
rather  thick,  filled  by  white  larva.  Size  varying  with  size  of  acorn. 
Brown  without,  white  within.  On  scarlet  oak,  Quercus  coccinea.  May 
be  quite  common,  but  the  acorns  give  no  ex  ernal  indication  of  their 
presence,  so  it  is  seldom  noticed. 

Callirhytis  palustris  Osten   Sacken.     See   p.   21-22. 

Callirhytis  punctata   Bassett.     See   p.   20. 

Callirhytis  pusulatoides    Bassett. 

Andricus  {Callirhytis)  pusulatoides  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc.,  1890,  v.  17.  p.  74. 

"Blister-like  galls  on  the  points  of  the  acute  lobes  of  the  leaves  of 
Quercus  coccinea,  each  tipped  with  the  long  hair-like  point  that  terminates 
each  lobe.  They  are  ovate-acuminate,  and  look  as  if  a  bubble  of  air  had 
separated  the  upper  and  under  lamina  of  the  leaf.  They  are  about  one- 
third  by  one-fifth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  sometime  a  little  depressed  verti- 
cally. The  walls  are  very  thin,  the  color  the  same  as  the  leaf.  Each  con- 
tains a  free,  oblong-oval,  thin-walled  larval  cell,  whose  length  is  fully 
twice  its  diameter." 

Callirhytis  saccularius  Bassett. 

Callirhytis  saccularius  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1890,  v.  17,  p.  70. 

An  irregularly  hemispherical  gall  projecting  from  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf,  showing  above  a  brown  circle  in  which  is  usually  the  opening  through 
which  the  adult  emerges.  Green  becoming  brown,  surface  with  rather 
long,  scattered  hairs.  Monothalamous  with  thin  walls,  3-4  mm.  in  diam- 
eter, 2-3  mm.  deep.  On  scarlet  oak,  Quercus  coccinea,  usually,  sometimes 
on  black  oak,  Q.  velutina. 


24  Bulletin  2:     Sjpringkield  Museum. 

Cynips?  crislata,   n.  s.  Oak  tufted  gall.  Fig.  41. 

A  polythalarnous  gall  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  usually  on  a  vein. 
About  1  mm.  in  diameter.  .Covered  with  a  dense  mass  of  silky  hairs 
about  0.5  mm.  long.  Red  when  voting,  soon  becoming  brown.  On 
scarlel  oak,  Quercus  coccinea,  and  scrub  oak,  Q.  nana. 

Cynips?  obovata,  a.  s.  Obovate  oak-gall.  Fig.  21.  35. 

A  deformation  of  the  bud,  terminal  or  near  the  tip.  Obovate,  slightly 
pointed,  smooth,  with  thin  shell  to  which  the  single  larval  chamber  is 
attached  by  radiating  fibers.  About  12  mm.  long,  8  mm.  wide.  Dull 
yellow-green  becoming  light  brown,  thickly  sprinkled  with  dots  of  violet- 
red,  these  sometimes  so  running  together  as  to  make  one  side  nearly  all 
red.      fairly  common  on  scarlet  oak,  Quercus  coccinea.      September. 

Cynips f  sera,  n.  s. 

A  smooth,  fleshy,  subglobular  gall,  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf, 
slightly  attached  to  the  blade  or  very  small  vein.  A  slight  depression  at 
the  top.  White,  with  tinge  of  pink,  to  deep  red  of  autumn  color  of  the 
leaf.  2-4  mm.  in  diameter.  Monothalamous.  Quite  abundant  on  scarlet 
oak,  Quercus  coccinea,  in  September  and  October. 

Quercus  velutina. 
Cecidomyia  foliqra   Russell  and  Hooker.     Seep.  21. 
Cecidomyia   majalis  Osten  Sacken.     See  p.  17. 
Cecidomyia  pustuloides  Beutennhiller.     See.  p.  22. 
Amphibolips  confluentus  Harris.     See  p.  18. 
Amphibolips  nubilipennis  Harris.     Seep.   19. 
Amphibolips  tinctoriae  Ashmead.     See  p.  22. 
Callirhytis  'punctata  Bassett.     See  p.  20. 
Callirhytis  saccularius  Bassett.     See  p.  23. 
Holcaspis  fasciata  Bassett.     See  p.  21. 

Quercus  nana. 

Eriophyes  </n'jr<-i  Carman.      Oak  mite  gall.  Fig.  52. 

Pkytoptus  querci  Garman,  L2th  rept.  .state  cut.  111.,  L883,  p.  138. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  t".  S.  ent.  cumin.,  L890,  p.  213-214. 
Eriophyes  querci3BX\  is,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  L906,  p.  61. 

This  gall  appears  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf  as  a  circular  convex 
swelling,  below  it  is  concave,  tilled  with  pink  or  brown  pubescence:  rarely 
occurs  with  the  upper  surface  concave,  but  the  pubescence  below  as  in  the 
common  form.  Of  variable  size.  Described  from  specimens  from  Quercus 
macrocarpa.  Found  here  on  white  oak.  Quercus  alba.  Chestnut  oak,  Q. 
prinus,  dwarf  chestnut  oak,  Q.  prinoides  and  scrub  oak,  V-  nand.  Rather 
common. 


Insect  Galls. 
Amphibolips  ilicifoliae  Bassett.  Scrub-oak  gall. 

Cynips  quercus-ilicifoliae  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  i>.  <;si  6s-j. 
Cynips  ilicifoliae  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  L865,  \ .  4.  p.  340,  3.5.4 
Amphibolips  ilicifoliae  Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294! 

Packard, 5th  rept.  I*.  S,  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  i>.  252,  pi.  n».  li-  6 

((ink,  Ohio  nat..  1904,  v.  4,  p.  14"2. 

A  rather  rough  fusiform  gall,  tapering  at  either  end,  especially  at  tip. 
Thin-walled,  the  larval  chamber  in  the  center,  held  in  place  by  radiating 
fibers.  About  40  mm.  long,  half  as  broad  in  broadest  part.  Light  green 
changing  to  light  brown  in  autumn.  Very  common  on  leaves  of  scrub  oak, 
Quercus  nana. 

Amj)hibolips  prunus  W alsh.     Seep.  19. 

Andricus  jlocci  Walsh.  Oak  wool-gall.  Fig.  46. 

Cynips  quercus-flocci  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  •_»,  p.  482-483, 
Andricus flocci  Gillette,  Psyche,  188!),  v.  5,  p.  185-186,  221. 

The  following  references  are  to  Syivergus  lama  Fitch,  an  inquiline  in  the  Kail  made  by 
Andricus  flocci,  but  the  gall  should  he  designated  by  the  name  of  its  maker. 
Cynips  quercus-lana  Fitch,  5th  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  for  1858,  1859,  p.  814. 

Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  359. 
Andricus  lain/  Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc.,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  295. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  ]<)d. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  18U2,  v.  4,  p.  257,  pi.  11,  fig.  5. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  71,  pi.  D,  fig.  1. 
Synergus  lana  Cresson,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1887,  v.  14,  suppl.,  p.  180. 

Numerous  small  seed-like  galls  grouped  on  a  large  vein  of  the  leaf, 
covered  with  a  woolly  white  or  a  light  brown  mass.  About  15  mm.  long. 
On  the  under  side  of  leaves  of  white  oak,  (Juercus  alba,  and  scrub  oak, 
Q.  nana.     Common. 

Amlricus  imbricariae  Ashmead. 

Andricus  imbricariae  Ashmead,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  \8'.W>,  v.  19,  p.  122. 

"A  brownish,  hard,  globular  gall,  from  7  to  10  mm.  in  diameter, 
issuing,  usually  several  together,  from  a  fissure  in  a  twig  of  Quercus 
imbricaria  and  Q.  nana.  The  larval  cell  is  nearly  always  closely  cemented 
to  the  thick,  hard,  outer  rind,  but  in  a  single  instance  there  are  a  few  fibers 
separating  it."  "Reared  Sept.  and  Oct."  Found  here  on  scrub  oak,  Q. 
nana. 
Andricus  ventricosus  Bassett.  Fig.  49-50. 

('//n/jix  quercus-ventricosa  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1S64,  v.  3,  p.  681. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.comm.,  1890,  p.  114.     (Op.  cit.,  p.  in,"),  as 
Andricus  ventricosus.) 

Conical,  rough,  woody  galls,  the  point  sometimes  prolonged  into  a 
recurved  tip.  In  clusters,  sometimes  a  dozen  about  the  twig.  When 
closely  pressed  together  the  shape  is  somewhat  changed.  7-12  mm.  long, 
3-7  mm.  wide.  Slightly  pubescent.  Deep  red,  becoming  nearly  black. 
One  free,  larval  cell  at  the  base.  Galls  collected  in  June,  insect  developed 
in  October  but  does  not  emerge  until  spring.     On  scrub  oak,  Quercus  nana. 

Cdllirhytis  operator  Osten  Sacken.  Fig.  47-48. 

Cynips  quercus-operator  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  256-257;  1865,  v.  4,  p, 
341,  357. 


2C»  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Bassett,  Proc.  Ent .  soc.  Phil.,  1.-63,  v.  2,  p.  332-333;  Can.  ent.,  7873,  v.  5, 

p.  91-94;  1S77,  v.  9,  p.  121. 
Riley,  Amer.  nut.,  1H73.  v.  7,  p.  519,  note. 
Howard,  Psyche,  188-2,  v.  3.  p.  328-329. 
Packard,  5tli  r«i>r.  V.  s.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  11. 
Andricus  (Callirhytis)  operator  Bassett.  Amer.  nat.,  1X82,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc.,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 
Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105. 

This  species  was  the  one  from  which  the  combined  observations  of 
Bassett  and  Riley  proved  the  interesting  fact  of  alternating  generations  in 
Cynipidae. 

The  spring  form  consists  of  a  woolly  mass  on  the  staminate  aments, 
2-4  cm.  in  diameter,  dull  yellow  in  color,  from  which  emerge  numerous 
insects  of  both  sexes.  The  second  form,  producing  an  agamic  female, 
consists  of  a  monothalamous,  irregular  gall  growing  out  from  the  cup  and 
pressed  close  to  the  side  of  the  acorn.  Smooth,  light  brown,  the  larval 
cell  nearly  filling  the  gall.  About  8  mm.  long,  5  mm,  wide.  On  scrub 
oak,  Quercus  nana.     Spring  form  abundant  and  noticeable. 

Callirhytis  palustr is  Osten  Sacken.     See  p.  21-22. 

Oallirhytis  similis  Bassett.  Scrub-oak  club-gall.  Fig.  45. 

Ci/nipx  i/in  rcus-similis  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  685. 
Cyrvips  similis  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  341. 
Andricus  {Callirhytis)  similis  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  IT.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  255,  pi.  11, 
fig.  2. 

Club-shaped,  woody  gall  at  end  of  twig.  Rather  blunter  than  gall  of 
Callirhytis  clavula.  Polythalamous.  A  few  leaves  grow  from  it.  Green, 
turning  brown  ;  surface  looks  as  if  covered  with  dust.  2-4  cm.  long. 
Rather  common  on  scrub  oak,  Quercus  nana. 

Callirhytis  tuberosa  Bassett. 

Andricus  (Callirhytis)  tuberosa  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent,  soc,  1900,  v. 26,  p.  311. 

A  tuberous  gall  on  one  side  or  surrounding  a  young  shoot  near  the  tip. 
Smooth  at  first,  but  wrinkling  and  roughening  later.  The  same  color  as 
the  twig,  quite  green  early  in  the  season.  8-15  mm.  long,  7-12  mm.  wide  ; 
rising  abruptly  from  the  twig.  Monothalamous,  the  cell-walls  2-3  mm. 
thick ;  corky,  the  bark  showing  distinctly.  The  white  larvae  have  par- 
tially buried  themselves  in  the  wall  in  places.  September.  On  scrub  oak, 
Quercus  nana, 

Cynips?  aspera,  n.  s.  Fig.  22,  42. 

An  ovate,  roughened,  one-celled  bud-gall,  usually  terminal  and  solitary, 
occasionally  lateral,  or  in  pairs.  From  the  slightly  prolonged  tip  run  down 
two  ridges  nearly  to  the  base  of  the  slightly  flattened,  asymmetrical  gall. 
About  12  mm.  long,  7  nun.  wide.  Green,  sometimes  dotted  with  red. 
The  larval  cell  is  lield  in  place  by  radiating  fillers.  On  seruli  oak.  Quercus 
nana.     September. 


[nsect  Galls.  27 

Cynips?  cristata,  n.  s.     See  p.  24. 
Holcaspis  fascial  a  .Bassett;     Seep.  21. 

Quercus  alba 

Eriophyes  querci  Garnian.     See  p.    24. 

Cecidomyia? poculum  Osten  Sacken.  Oak  spangles. 

Cecidomyia  poculum  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.,  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  -201. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hi.st.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  271,  pi.  15,  llfi'.  4; 
Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  V.,  1904,  p.  30,  fitf- 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  69. 

Small,  saucer-shaped  galls  on  under  side  of  leaf.  2-3  nun.  in  diameter. 
Red  or  violet  with  white  bloom.  On  white  oak,  Quercus  alba.  Common. 
August  and  September. 

Andricus  fiocci  Walsh.     See  p.  25. 

Andricus petiolicola  Bassett.  Oak  petiole-gall.  Fig.  55. 

Cynips  quercus-petiolicola  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  325. 

Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  2,  p.  487. 
Cynips  petiolicola  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  186.5,  v.  4,  p.  339,  351,  379. 
Andricus  petiolicola  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  295. 

Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  186. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  D".  S.  ent.  coinin.,  1890,  p.  105. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  257,  pi.  13,  fig.  2. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  120,  126,  142,  fig.  83,  103,  124. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  70. 

A  woody,  club-shaped  gall  on  petiole  or  midrib  of  leaf.  Polythala- 
mous.  About  15  mm.  in  diameter.  Green  becoming  brown.  Common 
on  white  oak,  Quercus  alba,  chestnut  oak,  Q.  prinus  and  dwarf  chestnut 
oak,  Q.  prinoides. 

CaUirhyUs  clavula  Osten  Sacken.  White-oak  club-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-tuber  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc   Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p  685-687;  1885,  v.  4,  p.  351. 
Cynips  clavula  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  351,  379. 
Andricus  (Callirhyiis)  clavula  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc  ,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105,  113. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  255-256, 
pi.  11,  fig.  3. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  p.  272,  fig.  33;  1903,  v.  3,  p.  419. 

Jarvis,  38th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p,  91,  pi.  C,  fig.  3. 

Club-shaped  woody  gall  at  end  of  twigs.  Sometimes  leaves  develop 
from  the  bud  of  which  this  gall  is  a  malformation.  Polythalamous,  2-4 
cm.  long.  Green  occasionally  faintly  marked  with  red,  turning  brown. 
Common  on  white  oak,  Quercus  alba.     Insects  from  April  to  July. 

Callirhytis  futilis    Osten    Sacken.  Oak    wart-gall. 

Cynips  guercus-futilis  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1861,  v.  1,  p.  63-64. 
Cynips  futilis  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  339,  352. 
Andricus  futilis  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  379. 
Andricus  (Callirhytis)  futilis  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  294. 

Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  185. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  105. 


28  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.   Amer.  urns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  254; 

1,1. 11,  fig.  1. 
Jarvis,  38th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  89-90,  pi.  I'.,  fig.  4. 
Callirhytisfutilis  Bassett,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  235-238. 

Rounded,  projecting  on  both  sides  of  the  leaf.  Thin-walled.  Two 
or  more  larval  cells  held  in  center  by  radiating  fibers.  Light  green. 
About  7  mm.  in  diameter.  Very  common  on  white  oak,  Que  reus  alba. 
Insects  emerge  in  June. 

Oallirkytis    seminator    Harris.  Oak    seed-gall. 

Cynips  seminator  Harris.  Rept.  ins.  Mass.  inj.  veg.,  1841,  p.  399;  Treat,  ins.  X.  E.  inj.  veg.,  1842, 
]>.  399;  same,  1852,  p.  484;  Treat,  ins.  inj.  veg.  (Flint  ed.),  1862,  p.  548. 
Fitch,  5th  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  tor  1858,  1859,  p.  813. 

Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1861,  v.  1,  p.  69;  1865,  v.  4,  p.  339,351. 
Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  250,  fig.  1ST;  1870,  v.  2,  p.  71,  fig.  45. 
Andricus  seminator  <  >sten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1m;."..  v.  4,  p.  379. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1903,  v.  3.  p.  420,  liar.  :i;>-:V\;  19114,  v.  4,  p.  144,  fig.  131. 
Andricus  (CaUirhytis}  seminator  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  '_»16. 

Ashinead,  Trans.  Amer.  nit.  soc,  1885,  v.  12.  p.  294. 
Packard,  5th  rept   0".  S.  cut.  eomm.,  1890,  p.  105,  112. 
Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  185. 
Callirhytis seminator  Beutenmuller,  Psyche,  L908,  v.  15,  p.  10. 

These  small  seed-like  monothal anions  galls  are  massed  together  on  the 
twig  and  covered  with  fibers  forming  a  mass  15-45  mm.  in  diameter. 
White  dotted  with  red  when  young,  turning  brown  in  the  fall.  On  white 
oak,  Quercus  alba.     Common.      Insect  in  early  summer. 

Cynips  sirobilana  Osten  Sacken.  Pine-cone  oak-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-strobilana  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  254. 
Cynips  strobilana  Beutemniiller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  X.  Y..  1904,  p.  18,  tiij.  33. 

A  cluster  of  monothalamous  galls  so  crowded  together  as  to  become 
pointed  below,  forming  a  subglobular  mass,  about  a  common  center  on  the 
twig.  Woody,  corky  within.  Brown.  Rare.  On  white  oak,  Quercus 
alba.     Reported  from  Q.  platanoides.     September. 

Aeraspis  pezomaehoides  Osten  Sacken.  Oak  pea-gall. 

Cynips  pezomaehoides  Osten  Sacken,  I'roc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1.  p.  250;  1865,  v.  4.  p.  352. 
Acraspis pezomaehoides  Ashmead,  Trails.  Amer.  ent.  soc-..  1885,  v.  12.  p.  303. 
Cynips  pi  sum   Fitch  is  a  guest-fly  of   Acraspis  pezomaehoides,  and  Fitch  described  the  gall 
under  the  name  of  the  guest-fly:  5th  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  tor  ls5s.  1859,  p.  sis. 
To  this  the  follow  ing  references  may  be  added  : 
Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1861,  v.  1,  p.  59;  1865,  v   4.  p   352. 
Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus   nat.  hist.,   1892,  v.  4,  p.  258-259;  [ns.  galls  vio. 

X.  Y..  1904,  p.  18.  fig. 
( look,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  [ndiana  f.  19H4,  I9(i5.  p.  840. 
Spherical  gall  with  rough  or  netted  surface,  with  slight  elevations. 
Usually  two-celled,  sometimes  as  many  :is  six  or  even  eight  cells  (Ash- 
mead). From  3  to  0  mm.  in  diameter.  Green  becoming  light  brown. 
Easily  separated  from  the  leaf.  Common  on  under,  sometimes  on  upper, 
side  of  leaf  of  white  oak.  Quercus  alba. 

Xanthoteras  forticornis   Walsh.  Oak  fig-gall. 

Cynips  quercus- forticornis  Walsh,  Proc.  lint .  soc.  Phil..  1864,  v.  2,  p.  490. 

Cynips  forticornis  Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer,  ent.,  1869,  \.  1.  p.  251. 

Teras  forticornis  Osten  Sacken,  I'roc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  i,  p.  879. 

Cynips quercua-ficus  Packard  (not  Fitch),  Packard.  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  ill. 


Insect  Galls.  29 

Biorhizaforticornis  Baeaett,  A r.  oat.,  1882,  v.  16,  i>.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  296. 

Gillette,  Psj  che,  1889*,  v.  5,  p.  L86. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  106. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  259,  pi.  13,  fi«.  3. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  142,  fig.  126. 

Jan  is.  :{stli  ann.  re  pi.  Ent.  soe.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  90,  fig. 
Xanthoteras forticomis  Ashmead,  Psyche,  1903,  \.  10,  p.  149. 

Many  of  these  galls  are  pressed  together  so  closely  on  the  twig  as  to 
lose  all  normal  form,  becoming  flattened.  Thin-walled,  one-celled,  the 
larval  cell  held  in  place  by  radiating  fibers.  Yellow,  sometimes  with  red 
sides,  turning  brown.  Common  on  white  oak,  Quercus  alba.  Insects 
emerged  from  July  1  to  13. 

Holcaspis   globulus   Fitch.  Bullet  gall. 

Cailaspidia  globulus  Fitch,  5th  rept.  ins.  N.  V.,  for  1858,  1859,  p.  811. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  lot;,  111. 
Cynips  quercus-globulus  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1861,  v.  1,  p.  67. 

Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  328. 
Cynips  <//<>hitliix  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p. :».»,  350. 
Holcaspis  globulus  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  IS82,  v.  16,  p.  246. 
Gillette.  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  187. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist  ,  1K)2,  v.  4,  p.  260,  pi.  12,  fijj.  4. 
Ashmead,  I'syche,  1903,  v.  10,  p.  153. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1903,  v.  3,  p.  419,  fig.  34;  L904,  v.  4,  p.  127,  fig.  109;  p.  148,  fig. 

12s;  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p. 

835,  fig.  27. 

Cynips  oneratus  Harris  (now  known  as  Synergus  oneratus)  is  :i  guest-fly  of  Holcaspis  globulus, 

and  Harris   described   the  gall   under  the  name  of    the  guesl  H.\ 

1,'cpt.  ins.  Mass.  inj.  veg.,  1841,  p.  398;  Treat,  ins.  N.  E.  inj.  veg.,  1842, 

p.  39S;  same,  1852,  p.  434;  Treat,  ins.  in},  veg.  (Flint  ed.),  1862,  p.  548. 

Spherical,  smooth,  corky,  monothalamous  galls  on  twigs.  Two  or 
three  in  a  cluster,  10-15  mm.  in  diameter.  Yellow  with  red  tints,  turning 
brown  when  mature.  Larval  cell  oval  with  thin  shell.  Common  on  white 
oak,  Quercus  alba.     Insects  emerge  in  November. 

Neuroterus    batatas    Fitch.  Oak    potato-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-batatus  Fitch,  5th  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  for  1858,  1859,  p.  810. 

Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  I'liil.,  Is6l,  v.  1,  p.  71;  1864,  v.  4,  p.  840,  353. 
Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  I'hil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  684. 
\<  uroterus  batatus  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  296. 
I'aekard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  11, 107,  111,  113. 
Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  262,  pi.  13,  fig.  1. 

Irregular,  "potato-shape,"  hard,  woody,  polythalamous  gall,  some- 
times 6  or  7  cm.  long  by  2-3  cm.  thick.  Reddish  brown  with  pale  blue 
bloom.  Common  on  twigs  of  white  oak,  Quercus  alba.  Insects  emerge 
in  May  or  June. 

Neuroterus   exiguissimus   Bassett.  Fig.    51. 

Neuroterus  exiguissimus  Bassett,  Trails,  Amer.  Ent.  soc.,  1900,  v.  26,  p.  332-333. 

A  hairy  gall  on  under  side  of  leaf  along  the  veins  with  a  slight  eleva- 
tion above.  Monothalamous.  Leaves  usually  deformed.  About  2  mm. 
Much  like  the  gall  of  Neuroterus  floccosus  on  Quercus  platanoides.  On 
white  oak,   Quercus  alba.       August. 


30  Bulletin  2 :     Springfield  Musecm. 

Neuroterus  vesiculus  Bassett. 

Cynips  vesiculus  Bassett,  Can.  ent.,  1881,  v.  13,  p.  97-95. 

Neuroterus  vesicula  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

\ ,  urott  rus  vesiculus  Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  107, 109. 

A  monotholamous,  subglobular  gall  appearing  late  in  the  fall  in  the 
center  of  a  bud  at  or  near  the  tip  of  the  twig.  Slightly  corrugated,  with 
a  small  projecting  tip.  Of  the  color  of  the  bud.  Cell  comparatively 
large.  Develops  rapidly  in  the  following  spring.  On  white  oak,  Quercus 
a  Ilia.      Rare. 

Cynips?  sp. 

A  monothalamous  cynipid  gall  is  common  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves  of  the  white  oak,  occurring  singly.  It  is  spherical,  covered  with 
dense  pubescence.  Color  yellow,  often  with  a  rosy  tinge.  Diameter  3-8 
mm.  Falls  to  the  ground  during  the  last  half  of  September.  (This  gall 
resembles  closely  that  of  Cynips  priuoides  Beutenmuller,  which  occurs  on 
Quercus  prinoides,  but  the  latter  usually  is  on  the  upper  surface  of  the 
leaf.) 

Quercus  platanoides. 

Cynips  strobilana  Osten  Sacken.     See  p.   28. 

Halcaspis  duricoria  Bassett.  Pointed  bullet-gall.  Fig.  53. 

Holcaspis  dumcoria  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1890,  v.  17,  p.  64-65. 
Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 
Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5,  p.  1ST. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  261,  pi.  12,  fig.  5. 
Jarvis,  37th  aun.  rept.  Ent.  soc' Ontario,  1906,  p.  71. 

Globular  with  short  point  at  apex.  Somewhat  rough,  woody,  mono- 
thalamous galls.  Larval  cell  oval  with  rather  thin  shell.  10-15  mm.  in 
diameter.  Yellow  with  tint  of  red,  turning  brown  when  mature.  Singly, 
or  in  groups,  on  twigs  of  swamp  white  oak,  Qxiercus  jrfatanoides.  Insects 
emerge  in  November. 
Neuroterus  Jloccosus  Bassett.  Oak  flake-gall. 

Cynips floccosa  Bassett,  Can.  ent.,  1881,  v.  13,  p.  HI. 
Xeuroterus fiocrnxii s  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  v.  16,  p.  246. 

Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  296. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  262,  pi.  12,  flg.  2; 
Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  V.,  1904,  p.  22,  flg. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  71. 

Hemispherical,  hairy  monothalamous  galls  on  under  side  of  leaf. 
Found  in  numbers.  Upper  side  of  leaf  reveals  their  presence  by  smooth 
blister-like  projections.  About  3  mm.  in  diameter  including  hairs.  Hairs 
white.  On  swamp  white  oak,  Quercus  platanoides.  Insects  emerge  in 
the  succeeding  spring. 

Neuroterus    noxiosus    Bassett.  Noxious  oak-gall. 

Cynips  noxiosa  Bassett,  Can.  ent.,  1881,  \ .  13.  p.  108. 
Neuroterus  noxiosus  Bassett,  Amer.  nat.,  1882,  a-.  16,  p.  246. 

\shinratl,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  SOC,  1885,  v.  12,  p.  296. 

Gillette,  Psyche,  18S9,  v.  5,  p.  187. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  V .  8.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  107. 

Beutenmuller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  v.,  1904,  p.  21,  li^.  42. 


Insect  Galls.  ill 

Irregular,  rounded,  woody,  polythalamous  twig  gall.  Sometimes 
quite  small,  sometimes  almost  10  em.  long.  Common  on  swamp  white 
oak,  Quercus  platanoides.  Bassett  says  that  only  females  emerge  before 
leaves  appear  in  the  succeeding  spring.  These  females  produce  a  vernal 
crop  of  green,  smooth  grape-like  galls  on  leaves  of  same  oak.  From  these 
galls  about  June  20  emerge  great  numbers  of  male  and  female  ilies  the 
bisexual  generation. 

Quercus  prinus. 
EHophyes  (juerci  Garman.     See  p.  24. 
Andricus  petiolicola  Bassett.     See  p.  27. 
Callirhytis  papillata    Osten    Sacken.  Oak    nipple-gall. 

Cynips  quercus-papillata  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1801,  v.  1,  p.  04-05. 
Cynips  papillata  <  >sten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  .soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  352. 
Andricus  papillata  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  379. 
Andricus  (Callirhytis ) papillata  Ashmead,  Trans.  Ainer.  cut.  soc.,  1885,  v.  12,  \>.  295. 
•      Packard,  5th  rept.  IT.  S.  ent.  comm.  1890,  p.  105. 

Beutenniiillcr,  Bull.  Arner.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v  4,  p.  255; 
Ins.  galls  vicin.  X.  Y.,  1904,  p.  14.  fig. 
Callirhytis papillatus  Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  p.  269,  tig.  30;  1903,  v.  3,  p.  427,  li -»- -  64;  1904,  v.  4, 
p.  119,  120,  124,  126-127,  141,  tig.  81,  107-108. 

Rounded,  highest  at  middle,  projecting  on  both  sides  of  the  leaf. 
Light  green,  surrounded  on  the  under  side  by  a  reddish  ring.  Two  or 
more  larval  cells  are  held  in  place  by  radiating  fibers.  Rather  common 
on  chestnut  oak,  Quercus  prinus.     Insect  in  June. 

Quercus  prinoides. 
Eriophyes  querci  Garman.     See  p.  24. 
Andricus  petiolicola  Bassett.     See  p.  27. 
Cynips  caducus.  Fig.    58. 

Cynips  caducus  Walsh,  according  to  Packard,  5th  rept.  IT.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  115. 

A  spherical  gall  occurring  in  clusters  on  midrib  on  under  side  of  the 
leaf.  2-5  mm.  in  diameter.  Sometimes  so  crowded  as  to  lose  their  shape. 
One- celled.  Falling  from  the  leaf,  the  larvae  change  on  the  ground.  On 
dwarf  chestnut  oak,  Quercus  prinoides.     Cited  from  other  oaks.     August. 

Cynips    frondosa    Bassett.  Leafy    oak-gall.  Fig.    57. 

('l/iiijin  quercus-frondosa  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  688-689. 

Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc  Phil.,  1865,  v.  4,  p.  350,  361. 

Walsh  and  Riley,  Aincr.  cut.,  1869,  v.  2,  p.  25,  fig.  20;  p.  7273,  tig.  46. 

This  gall  is  formed  by  the  development  of  a  leaf  bud,  in  the  fall  instead 
of  the  following  spring.  The  leaves  grow  in  a  crowded  mass  and  attain 
about  one  fifth  their  normal  length  and  breadth.  Monothalamous.  Color 
the  same  as  normal  leaves.     On  dwarf  chestnut  oak,  Quercus  prinoides. 

Cynips  prinoides  Beutenmuller.  Spring    oak-gall.  Fig.    59. 

( 'ynips  prinoides  BeutemmiUer,  Bull.  Ainer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  257,  pi.  11.  tig.  6;  Jus 
galls  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  17,  fig. 


32  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

A  rough,  globular  gall  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf.  Hard,  woody, 
one-celled.  Green  with  red  tint,  becoming  brown.  About  1  cm.  in 
diameter.     On  dwarf  chestnut  oak,  Quercus  prinoides. 

Holcaspis  rugosa  Bassett.  Fig.  56. 

Cynips  rugosa  Bassett,  Can.  ent.,  1881,  v.  13,  p.  100. 
ffolcaspis  rti<i<,s<!  Gillette,  Psyche,  1889,  v.  5.  p.  1ST. 

Round,  somewhat  roughened,  woody  galls  on  branch  of  dwarf  chestnut 
oak,  Quercus  ■prinoides.  Frequently  several  are  so  crowded  as  to  lose  the 
spherical  shape.  Green  with  red  side  when  young,  turning  brown.  Free 
larval  cell  surrounded  by  brown  hard-spongy  mass.  Diameler  about  10- 
12  mm.     Insects  emerge  in  the  fall. 

URT WALES. 

ULMACEAE. 

Ulmus  americana. 

Eriophyes   ulmi   Garman.  Elm    mite-gall.  Fig.    61. 

Phytoptus  ulmi  Garman,  12th  rept  state  ent.  111.,  1883,  p.  136. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  V.  S.  cut.  comm,  1890,  p.  281-282, 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  fig.  8;  1901,  v.  4,  p.  117. 
Eriophyes  ulmi  Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  loot,  1905,  p.  861. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  59,  pi.  B,  tig.  5. 

A  small  globular  gall  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf.  The  neck 
constricted  somewhat.     Not  common.     On  elm,  Ulmus  americana. 

Schizoneura  americana  Riley.  P^lm-leaf  louse-gall. 

Schizoneura  americana  Riley,  Bull.  17.  s.  geol.  and  geog.  surv.  terr.,  1879,  v.  5,  p. 4-9,  pi.  1,  tig.  1. 

Oestlund,  Bull.  4,  Geol.  and  nat   hist.  surv.  Minn.,  1887,  p.  27. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.,  1890,  p.  279. 

Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept,  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  (.  1904,  1905.  p.  851. 

Houard,  Les  Zoocecidies  des  plantes  d'Europe,  1908,  p.  364. 
A  gall  which  is  simply  a  wrinkling  and  rolling  of  the  leaf,  caused  by 
the  attacks  of   the  insects  on  the  under  side  of    the  leaf.     White  elm, 
Ulmus  americana.     Common. 
Colopha   ulmicola    Fitch.  Cock's-comb  elm-gall. 

Byrsocrypta  ulmicola  Fitch,  5th  rept.  ins.  N.  V.  fur  1858,  1859,  p.  843. 
Thelaxes  ulmicola  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  305. 

Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent., 1869,  v.  1,  p.  108-109,  fig.  90. 
Pemphigus  ulmicola  Packard,  Guide  .study  ins.,  1869,  p.  524.  fig.  525. 
Colopha  ulmicola  Monell,  Can.  ent.,  1877,  v.  9,  p.  102-103. 

Riley,  Bull.  U.  8.  geol.  and  geog.  surv.  terr.,  1879,  v.  5,  p.  9-13,  pi.  1,  fig.  2. 

Cook,   Ohio  nat.,  L902,  v.  2,  p.  265,  fig.  13;   1903.  v.  3,  p.  425,  fig.  50:   1904.  p.  lis. 
125,   130. 

Beutenmuller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  37,  fig. 
Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  loot;,  p.  03-64,  pi.  0,  fig.  5. 
Glyphina  ulmicola  Thomas,  Trans.   Dept.  agr.Ill.,  f.  1878,  1879,  n.  s.,  v.  8  (Thomas,  3d  rept. 

ins.  111.),  p.  142. 

This  gall  consists  of  a  cock's-comb-shaped  pouch  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  leaf  of  white  elm,  Ulmus  americana.     Early  summer.     Common. 
Undetermined  gall. 

A  monothalamous,  subglobular  gall  at  union  of  blade  and  petiole. 
Rough,  rather  thick-walled,  brown.  About  7  mm.  in  diameter.  One 
specimen.     On    elm,    Ulmus   americana. 


Insect  Galls.  33 

Ulmus  fulva. 

Pemphigus  fusus  Walsh  and  Riley.  Elm  spindle-gall.  Fig.  60. 

Pemphigus  ulmi-fusus  Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  l.  p.  109. 

Cook,  <>lii<>  nat.,  1902,  v.  ->,  p.  265,  fig.  II;  L903,  \ .  3,  p.  425,  fig.  49;  29th  ann 
rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  its.  [ndiana  E.  1904,  1905,  p.  849. 
A  spindle-shaped,  hollow  gall  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  with  the 
opening  below.     Varying  in  size,  about  15  mm.  long.     Not  common.     On 
slippery  elm,  Ulmus  fulva.     Summer. 

Celtis  occidentalis. 
Pachypsylla   cucurbita   Riley.  Haekberry    melon-gall. 

PachypsyUa  celtidis-cucurbita  Riley,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  eomm.,  1890,  p.  621-622. 

Beutenmiil  ler,  Bull.  Amer .-mus.  nat.  hist.,  1  s'.»^,  \ .  i.  p.  276,  pi.  1»;, 
fig.  -'. 

An  oval  gall  with  truncated  apex  and  concave  above  with  a  .small 
nipple.  Usually  on  under  side  of  the  leaf.  About  2  mm.  in  diameter  at 
base,  4  mm.  in  height.  On  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  there  is  a  cup-shaped 
depression.      Color  yellow  green.      On  the  haekberry,  Celtis  occidentalis. 

Pachypsylla  mamma  Riley. 

PachypsyUa  celtidis-mamma  Riley,  Johnson's  universal  cyclop.,  1876,  p.  425;  Proc.  Biol,  soc, 

Wash.,  1884,  v.  •_',  p.  73-75:  5th  rept.  r.  s.  cut.  comm.,  1890, 

p.  619-620,  1iii.  202-203. 
Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  i>.  •>l-~>;   Ins. 

Kails  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  35-36,  fig. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat..  1903,  v.  3,  p.  426,  fig.59-60;  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept. 

geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  1.  1904,  1905,  p.  845,  fig.  .*!7. 
Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  «'>•"). 

A  nearly  cylindrical  gall  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  with  the  apex 
rounded.  A  cup-shaped  depression  on  the  upper  side  shows  presence  of 
the  gall.  Varying  considerably  in  size,  about  7  mm.  high,  5  mm.  in 
diameter.  Color  yellow  green.  Very  abundant  on  haekberry,  Celtis 
occidentalis. 
Pachypsylla    vesiculum    Riley.  Haekberry    blister-gall. 

PachypsyUa  csttidis-vesiculum  Riley,  5th  rept.  V .  s.  cut.  comm.,  1890,  p.  <',is. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer   mus.  nat.  hist..  ls;t-2.  v.  4.  p.  275;  Ins- 

Kails  vicin.  N.  V.,  1904,  p.  35,  fig. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  <  totario,  1906,  p,  65. 

A  circular,  blister-like  gall.  Slightly  rounded  above,  beneath  convex 
with  a  small  central  projection.  Green.  About  4-6  mm.  in  diameter. 
Numerous  on  the  leaves  of  haekberry,  Celtis  occidentalis. 

MAGNOLIACBAE. 
Liriodendron  tulipifera. 
Contarinia  liriodendri  Osten  Sacken.  Tulip-tree  spot-gall. 

Cecidomyia liriodendri. Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  X.  A.  1862,  pt.  -2.  p.  202. 
Hagen,  Can.  ent..  1886,  v.  IS.  p.  159. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist..   L892,  v.  4,  p.  265;  Ins.  galls 
\  icin.  X.  V.,  1904,  p.  25,  fig. 
Contarinia  liriodendri  Felt,  -23d  rept.  ins   X.  V.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  383,  393. 

Circular  brown  spots  with  surrounding  circle  of  yellow  or  light  green, 
.showing  on  both  sides  of  the  leaf,  1-3  mm.  in  diameter.  Not  uncommon 
on  leaf  of  tulip  tree,  Liriodendron  tulipifera. 


34  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

RANALES. 
BANUNCULACBAE . 
'     Clematis    virginiana. 
?Dasyneura   clematidis   Felt.  Fig.    62. 

Dasyneura  clematidis  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907, 1908,  p.  336,  344,  34:,. 

This  gall  (possibly  of  the  above  species)  consists  of  an  elliptical 
enlargement  of  the  stem,  between  the  nodes,  about  twice  the  normal 
diameter.  The  inside,  pithy  and  much  roughened,  looks  in  places  as  if 
eaten  or  gnawed  thin.  A  round  hole  is  evidently  an  exit.  On  wild 
clematis,   Clematis  virginiana. 

RO  SALES. 

GROSSULARIACBAE. 

Ribes  rubrum. 

Myzas   ribis    Linne.  Currant  leaf  gall.  Fig.  63. 

Aphis  ribis  Linne,  Syst.  naturae,  17(17. 12th  ed.,  v.  ■!,  p.  733. 
Walsh  and  Riley,  Araer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  249. 
Myzus  ribis  <  >estlund,  Bull.  4,  Geol.  ami  nat.  hist.  surv.  Minn.,  1887,  p.  74. 
Lintner,  9th  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.,  1893,  p.  370-371. 

This  gall  consists  merely  of  a  wrinkling  and  pouching  of  the  leaf. 
The  insect  acts  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf  surrounded  by  the  induced 
pubescence  and  the  tissues  increase  so  rapidly  as  to  make  the  gall  rise 
above.     On  currant,  Ribes  rubrum.     Common,  sometimes  causing  damage. 

HAMAMBLIDACEAB. 
Hamamelis  Virginiana. 
Hamamelisles  spinosus  Shinier.  Spiny  witch-hazel  gall. 

Hamamelistes  spinosus  Shimer,  Trans.  Amer.  cut.  soe.,  1867,  v.  1,  p.  284-285. 

Pergande,  Bull.  9,  tech.  scries,  Div.  ent.,  U.  S.  dept.  agr.,  1901,  p.  25-44, 
fig.  12-23. 
Hormaphis  apiitosus  Riley,  Hull.  ('.  s.  geol.  ami  geog.  surv.  terr.,  1879,  \  ,  5,  p.  14-15,  pi.  "2,  ri^\  4. 
Thomas,  'trans.   Dept. 'agr.  111.,  f.   1878,1879,  n.  s.,  v.  8,  (Thomas.  3.1  rept. 

ins.  111.),  p.  -207. 
Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  276,  pi.  16,  rig.  4; 

Ins.  galls  viein.  X.  Y.,  1004,  p.  37,  fig. 
Cook,  29th  aim.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1004,  1905,  p,  847, 

litf .  30. 
Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soe.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  64,  pi.  (',  fig.  1. 
Hormaphis  papyraceae  Oestlund,  Bull.  4,  Geol.  and  nat.  hist.  surv.  Minn.,  1887,  p.  19. 

A  monothalamous,  globular,  spiny  gall,  which  is  a  deformed  fruit  bud. 

The    opening    below,    funnel-shaped.      Spines     long.      Green,    becoming 

nearly  black.     Common  on  witch  hazel,  Hamamelis  virginiana.     Pergande 

gives  a  full  account  of  the  life  history,  with  the  generations  found  on  the 

birch  leaf,  in  this  region  on  black  birch,  Betula  lento. 

Hormaphis  hamamelidis  Fitch.  AYitch-hazel  cone-gall. 

Byrsocrypta  hamamelidis  Pitch,  4th  ann.  rept.  regents  Univ.  state  of  N.  V.  on  state  cabinet 

mil.  hist..  1851,  p.  69. 
Hormaphis  hdmamelidis  Oetert  Sack  en,  Stettin  ent.  ztg.,  1861,  p.  422.    (Translation  bj  Walsh, 
l'roc.  Ent.  soe.  Phil.,  1866-1867,  v.  6,  p.  281.) 


Insect  ( i alls.  35 

Thomas,  Trans.    Dept.   agr.   III.,   f.  1878,  1879,   Q,   S.,   V.  8,   (Thomas,  :',d 

rept.  ins.  III.),  p.  L99. 
Beuteniniiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  oat.  lust.,  1892,  p.  -J7t;,  pi.  16,  fig.  5; 

Ins.  Kails  vicin.  N.  V.,  L904,  p.  36,  fig. 
Pergande,  Bull.  9,  tech.  series,  Div.  ent.,  (7.  S.  dept.  agr.,  1901,  p.  7-25, 

fig.  ill. 
Cook,  29th  anil.  rept.    Dept  geol.  and   nat.   hisl.   res.    Indiana  I.    1904, 

L905,  p.  845-846,  fig.  38. 
Jarvis,  :>7t li  ann.  repl .  Enl .  sue.  Ontario,  l'.tnn,  p,  64,  pi.  (  .  fig.  2. 
Hamamelistes  cornu  shinier.  Trans.  A.mer.  <-nt.  soc,  1867,  v.  1,  p.  283. 

A  conical,  monothalamous  gall  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf  with  1 1n- 
opening  underneath.     Very  common  on  witch  hazel,  Hamamelis  virginiana. 

ROSACEAE. 
Spiraea  salicifolia. 
Cecidomyia?  lappa,  n.  s. 

Terminal  mass  of  brown  or,  when  quite  young,  green,  mossy  in 
appearance,  strongly  resembling  Rhodites  rosae,  but  coarser.  Each  gall 
consists  of  an  undeveloped  bud,  the  leaves  of  which  have  the  tips  much 
elongated.  The  central  cavity  is  enclosed  by  the  overlapping  leaves. 
Not  rare.     On  meadow-sweet,  Spiraea  salicifolia. 

Cecidomyia  salicifoliae  Osten  Sacken.     Meadow-sweet  pod-gall.     Fig.  64. 

Cecidomyia  salicifoliae  Oaten  Sacken,  Proc.  Knt.  soc.  Phil.,  1866,  v.  6,  i>.  220. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68;  38th  ann.  rept.  . 
1907,  p.  88. 

A  pod-like  gall  formed  by  folding  of  the  leaf  along  the  midrib,  lower 
side  out,  the  edges  united  and  the  blade  bulging  out,  the  sac  curving 
usually  with  midrib  on  convex  side.  7-8  mm.  long.  Brown,  with  the 
pubescence  of  the  under  side  of  the  leaf.  On  hard  hack,  Spiraea  tomentosa. 
Not  rare.     Summer. 

Same  on  Spiraea  salicifolia,  from  which  it  was  first  described. 
Smooth  instead  of  pubescent. 

Spiraea  tomentosa. 
Cecidomyia    salicifoliae    Osten    Sacken.      See    above. 

Rubus  nigrobaccus. 
Cecidomyia?  muscosa  n.  s.  Mossy  leafy-gall  of  blackberry.  Fig.  66. 
A  subglobular  gall,  covered  densely  with  filaments,  making  a  mass 
about  1  cm.  in  diameter.  Green  turning  light  brown.  Polythalamous. 
Found  in  Aug.  1900  on  blackberry,  Rubus  nigrobaccus,  some  at  union  of 
leaflets,  some  on  midvein. 

Lasioptera  farinosa   Osten    Sacken.  Fig.    65. 

Las  ioptera  farinosa  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew'9  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A..  L862,  pt.  1,  p.  '2u4 
Smith,  Insect  life,  1891,  v.  4,  p.  30. 
Beuten mailer,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nut.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  273;op.  cit.,  1907,  v 

23,  p.  397-398,  pi.  15,  fig.  12-13. 
Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  V.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  321,  323,  325. 

Irregular,  rounded,  roughened  galls  on  midrib  or  at  base  of  leaflets. 
Woody,  polythalamous.     Sometimes  several  apparently  confluent.     About 


36  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

7  min.  in  diameter.     Green,  becoming  brown  early.     On  high  blackberry, 

Rubus  nigrobaccus. 

Lasioptera  nodulosa  Beutenmuller. 

Ltisioptera  uodttlosa  Bout..  Hull.  Amcr.  inns.  nat.  hist  .  1907,  v.  23,  p.397,  pi.  15,  fitf.  5-6. 
Felt.  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  V.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  321,  325. 

"Knot-like  or  gouty,  elongate  or  rounded  swelling  on  terminal  branches 
of  blackberry,  Ricbns  nigrobaccus.  Often  several  galls  on  a  single  twig. 
Elongate  chamber  inhabited  by  a  single  larva  which  transforms  in  the  gall, 
and  emerges  in  May  or  June." 

Diastrophus  cuscntaeformis  Osten  Sacken.   Blackberry  seed-gall.   Fig.  68. 

Diastrophus  cuscutaeformis  <  >sten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2.  p.  33-34,  39-40. 
Walsh  ami  Riley,  Amcr.  cut.,  1869,  v.l.  p.  188. 
Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mns.  nat.  hist.,  ls;<2,  v.  4.  p.  249,  pi.  10, 

flg.l. 
Jarvis,  38th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  89. ' 

Small  subglobular  galls,  many  crowded  together  along  and  around  the 
stem  of  the  blackberry.  Monothalamous,  Same  color  as  stem.  Each 
bears  one  (or  sometimes  more)  spines,  some  rather  stiff,  others  filamen- 
tous.    On  high  blackberry,  Rubus  nigrobaccus.     Rather  common. 

Diastrophus  nebnlosus  Osten  Sacken.        Blackberry  knot-gall.        Fig.  67. 

Diastrophus  nebulosus  ( >sten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  36-39. 
Riley,  Pract.  cut..  1867,  v.  •_'.  p.  83,  84. 
Walsh  ami  Riley,  Amcr.  cut.,  lso<>,  v.  1,  p.  188. 
Riley,  Amer.  cut..  l*7n.  v.  2.  p   159-160,  tiy;.  103. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amcr.  inns.  nat.  hist..  1892,  v.  4.  p.-'V.h  pi.  10.  ti^-.  2. 
Conk.  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4.  p.  119,  143,  tig.  129. 

kA  large  oblong  pithy  gall  on  stem,  furrowed  lengthwise,  abrupt  from 
union  with  stem.  Polythalamous.  Green,  changing  more  or  less  com- 
pletely to  red-brown  when  old.  On  stems  of  high  blackberry,  Rubus 
nigrobaccus.     Common.      Insects  emerge  the  following  spring. 

Rubus  procumbens. 
Diastrophus  iiussctiii  Beutenmuller.    Bassett's  blackberry  gall.  Fig.  69-70. 

Diastrophus  l>iixx<nii  Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amcr.  urns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  248-249,  pi.  0,  tig.  7. 

A  snbspherical  red-brown  gall,  sometimes  with  considerable  green. 
Pithy,  polythalamous,  <S-12  mm.  in  diameter.  Quite  common  at  base  of 
stem  of   running   blackberry,  Rubus  procumbens,   and  swamp  blackberry. 

R.   Ill spiii  us. 

Rubus  hispidus. 
Diastrophus  bassettii   Beutenmuller.     See   above. 

Fragaria  virginiana. 

Cecidomyia?    reniformis,    n.  s.  Fig.    71-72. 

A  polythalamous  gall,  somewhat  reniform,  attached  by  end  or  side  to 
base  of  petiole  of  strawberry,  Fragaria  virginiana,  so  close  to  the  ground 
:is  to  usually  escape  observation.  8-21  mm.  long  by  11-20  mm.  thick. 
The  color  is  like  that  of  the  petiole.  Light-colored  pith  in  which  are  im- 
bedded the  spherical  bard-walled  cells,  each  containing  one  or  occasionally 
two  larvae. 


1  SSECT    <  iALI.8.  37 

Potentilla   canadensis. 

Cecidomyiaf   potenlillaecaulis,    n.  s. 

This  gall  consists  of  the  much  enlarged  internodal  space  of  stem. 
Apparently  one-celled,  altho  with  several  longitudinal  cavities  not  con- 
nected with  main  cell.  Outside  surface  and  color  like  remainder  of  the  stem. 
One  specimen.     September.     On  cinquefoil,  Potentilla  canadensis. 

Gonaspis  potentillae    Bassett.  Cinquefoil    axil-gall. 

Diastrophu's potentillae  Bassett,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  I'hil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  689  690. 

<  >stt'ii  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.  I.  p.  361. 

Cook,  Ohio  nut.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  120,  fig.  87. 

Jarvis,  38th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc  <  Intario,  1907,  p.  88,  pi.  B,  liy.  5. 
Gonaspis  potentillae  Ashmead,  Psyche,  1897,  v.  8,  p.  68. 

A  subspherical  gall  in  axil  of  leaf  of  Potent  ilia  canadensis.  8-1 1  mm. 
in  diameter.  Monothalamous.  Green  with  sometimes  m  tinge  of  red, 
turning  brown  in  autumn.     Common.     Insect  emerges  the  following  spring 

Rosa. 
Rhodites  bicolor  Harris.  ^pi'iy  rose-gall. 

Cynips  bicolor  Harris,  Rept.  ins.  Mass.  inj,  veg.,  1841,  p.  399;  Treat,  ins.  N.  E.  Lnj.  veg.,  1*42,  p. 

399;  same,  1852.  p.  435;  Treat,  ins.  inj.  veg.  (Flint  ed.),  1862,  p.  548-549. 
Rhodites  bicolor  Osten  Sacken,  Croc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  -2,  p.  43,  48  19. 

Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1870,  v.  2,  p.  246,  309,  fig.  192. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  ls'.)2,  v.  4,  p.  246,  pi.  9,  fig.  I. 

Townsend,  Psyche,  1895,  v.  7,  p.  272,  307. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  Unit,  v.  4,  p.  123,  141,  fig.  120. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  70,  pi.  E,  tig  2. 

Spherical,  10-14  mm.  in  diameter,  covered  with  long  spines.  Mono- 
thalamous. In  summer  green  with  tinge  of  red  usually,  brown  later. 
Frequently  deforms  the  whole  leaf  of  wild  roses,  Rosa,  several  species. 
Common.     Insect  emerges  in  late  summer. 

Rhodites  dichlocerus  Harris.  Long  rose-gall. 

Cynips  dichlocerus  Harris.  Rept.  ins.  Mass.  inj.  veg.,  1841,  p.  399400;  Treat,  ins   N.  E.  inj    \  ■  g 
1S42,  p.  399-400;  same,  1S.V2,  p.  485;  Treat,  ins.    inj.  veg.   (Flint  ed 
1862,  p.  549,  pi.  8,  lis.  6-8. 
Rhodites  dichlocerus  Osten  Sacken,  Proc    Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  41,  4t;. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  247.  pi.  9,  fig.  •"). 
Diastrophus  dichlocerus  Beutenmiiller,  Psyche,  1908,  v.  15,  p.  in. 

Woody,  elongated,  roughened  gall,  tapering  to  union  with  stem. 
Polythalamous.  About  2-3  cm.  long;  1  cm.  wide.  On  stem  of  several 
species  of  wild  rose,  Rosa. 

Rhodites  ignota  Osten  Sacken.  Mealy  rose-gall.  Fig.   73. 

Rhodites  ignota  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  43,  49. 

Beutenniiiller,  Bull,  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  lsa2,  v.  4,  p.  246,  pi.  '.».  fig.  2. 

A  spherical  woody  gall  covered  with  white  mealy  substance.  From 
5-8  mm.  in  diameter.  Sometimes  two  or  more  galls  grow  together.  One 
or  several  on  leaves  of  wild  roses.     Common. 

Rhodites  lenticularis  Bassett.  Rose  lentil-gall.  Fig.  77. 

Rhodites  lenticularis  Bassett,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1890,  v.  17,  p.  59-60. 
Beutenmiiller,  Ins.  galls  vie.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  8,  tig. 
Jarvis,  38th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  89. 


38  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

A  disc-shaped  gall  of  the  color  of  the  leaf  in  which  it  is  found ;   some- 
times lighter  colored.     About  6  mm.  in  diameter  and  2  mm.  in  thickness. 
Monothalamous.       Abundant  in  some  localities.     On  several  species  of 
rose,  Rosa. 
Rhodites  multispinosus  Gillette.      Large  spiny  rose-gall.  Fig.  76. 

Rhodites  multispinosus  Gillette,  Bull.  7,  Iowa  agr.  exp.  sta.,  1889,  p.  284. 

Jarvis,  38th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  88,  pi.  B,  fig.  3. 
Oblong  or  ovate,  on  stem.  25-50  mm.  long;  16-25  mm.  thick,  and 
clothed  with  numerous  prickles  about  8  mm.  long.  Light  brown,  becoming- 
gray  later.  Surface  sometimes  rough,  with  depressions  and  elevations. 
In  emergence  the  insects  make  30-50  round  holes  about  1.5  mm.  in  diame- 
ter.     Polythalamous.      On  wild  rose,  Rosa. 

Rhodites  radicum  Osten  Sacken.  Rose  root-gall. 

Rhodites  radicum  <  >sten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  aoc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  42,  46-47. 
Walsh,  Pract.  ent.,  1866,  v.  1,  p.  114. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull,  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  246,  pi. 9,  fig.  3. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  123. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  70. 

A  large,  irregular,  red-brown  gall  with  smooth  surface.  Polythalamous. 
5-8  cm.  in  diameter.  With  deep  indentation  where  it  is  attached  to  the 
root  of  wild  roses.  May  be  common,  as  some  report,  but  not  frequently 
seen,  from  its  position.  On  Rosa,  several  species.  Insects  emerged  April 
28.  From  a  single  specimen  in  my  collection  insects  emerged  about  a  year 
after  it  was  sent  to  me. 

Rhodites  verna  Osten  Sacken.  Knotty  rose-gall.  Fig.  74. 

Rhodites  verna  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil..  1863,  v.  2.  p.  41,  47-48. 

Beuteinniiller.  Bull.  Amer.  inns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  248,  pi.  9,  fig.  6. 

Usually  several  rounded  galls,  running  together,  forming  an  elongated, 
knotty  mass  along  the  stem.  Woody,  tinged  with  red.  Polythalamous. 
On  several  species  of  wild  rose,  Rosa. 

Rosa  Carolina. 
Rhodites  globulus  Beutenmuller.     Globular  rose-gall. 

Without  name,  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1863,  v.  2,  p.  42. 

Rhodites  globulus  Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  247,  pi.  9,  fig.  4. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  123. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  70,  pi.  E,  fig.  4. 

A  smooth,  irregularly  rounded,  brown  gall,  sharply  contracted  at  its 
union  with  the  stem.  Pithy,  polythalamous.  About  2  by  3  cm.  On 
swamp  rose,  Rosa  Carolina. 

Rhodites  sj>haericus,  n.  s.  Fig.  75. 

A  spherical  hard  gall  attached  to  either  side  of  the  leaflet  by  a  single 
point.  Rough,  veiny  surface.  About  5  mm.  in  diameter.  Filled  by  a 
dozen  or  more  larval  cells,  each  with  Avoody  walls.  Brown.  On  swamp 
rose,  Rosa  Carolina.     September. 


Ins  kit  Galls.  39 

Rosa  rubiginosa. 

Rkodites  rosae  Linnaeus.     Mossy  rose-gall.     Bedeguar  gall. 
Cynips  rosae  Linnaeus,  Syst.  nut.,  12th  ed.  i7i;T,  \ .  'J,  p.  ;»17. 
Rhodites  roscn  Osten  Sacken,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  lst;:j,  v.  2,  p.  it. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  L906,  p.  70,  pi.  l>.  Bg.  4. 
There  are  numerous  references  to  this  gall  in  European  publications,  as  it  occurs  in 
Europe. 

A  conspicuous  mass  formed  by  several  hard  cells  around  the  stem,  and 
covered  with  long  filaments,  mostly  green  but  frequently  strongly  tinged 
with  red.  Brown  and  persistent  in  winter.  Common  on  sweetbrier  rose. 
Rosa  rubiginosa.     Insects  emerge  in  .lime. 

Amelanchier  canadensis. 
Eriophyes  amelanchier i  n.  s.        June-berry  mite-gall.  Fig.  78. 

These  rounded  galls  occur  in  great  numbers  upon  the  leaves.  On  the 
upper  side  they  are  globular,  below  they  open  by  a  prolonged  tube  which 
on  maturity  splits  in  two  at  the  end,  allowing  the  insect  to  emerge. 
Usually  red  above,  light  yellow-green  below.  About- 2  mm.  above,  1-JS 
mm.  below.     On  June-beny,  Ameianchier  canadensis,  June. 

Crataegus. 
Cecidomyia  bedeguar  Walsh.  Tufted  thorn-gall.  Fig.  80. 

Cecidomyia  crataegi-hedeguar  Walsh,  Can.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  79-80. 
Cecidomyia  bedeguar,  Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  sot-.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  67. 

A  polythalamous  gall  found  along  the  veins,  several  on  a  leaf.  Below 
hemispherical,  opening  above.  The  upper  side  more  conspicuous,  as  the 
opening  is  surrounded  by  dense  tufts  of  finely  branched  projections  brown- 
er than  the  leaf.  Under  side  light  green-yellow.  Pithy,  about  4  mm.  in 
diameter  below,  6-10  mm.  above.  Not  rare.  On  leaves  of  Crataegus  sp. 
June. 
Cecidomyia?  venae,  n.  s.  Fig.  79. 

An  irregularly  oval  fleshy  gall  on  midribs  or  chief  veins,  above  or 
below,  opening  by  a  slit  on  opposite  side,  retaining  marks  of  vein  along 
length;  contracted  towards  ends  so  running  out  to  substance  of  vein. 
5-8  mm.  long.  Color  yellow,  sometimes  with  red  tinge.  Slightly  to 
densely  pubescent.  June  and  later.  Several  on  one  leaf.  Two  or  more 
larvae  in  a  cell.     On  thorn,  Crataegus. 

Undetermined  gall. 

An  irregular  rounded  polythalamous  gall  at  base  of  thorns,  5-10  mm. 
long,  color  of  bark.  Spongy  within,  dark  red-brown,  with  libers  at  righl 
angles  to  surface.     Several  on  thorn,  Crataegus  sp. 

DRUPACBAE. 
Prunus  virginiana. 
Cecidomyia?  racemi,  n.  s.  Fig.  81. 

An  elliptical,  polythalamous  gall,  consisting  of  a  swelling  of  the  axis 
of  raceme  of  choke-cherry,  Prunus  virginiana,  27  mm.  long,  10  mm.  wide 


40  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

in  widest  part,  tapering  gradually  to  either  end.  Green,  turning  brown 
upon  maturity.  No  distinct  larval  cells,  but  inside  pithy  with  borings  in 
various  directions.     July. 

Oontarinia  virginiana  Felt.  Cherry  pocket-gall.  Fig.  82. 

Cecidomyia  virginiana  Felt.  -21st  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1905,  1906,  p.  130-131. 

Gecidomyid  larva,  Lintner,  Bull.  6,  n.  s.,  Div.  ent.  IT.  S.  Dept.  agr.,  1896,  p.  57-58;  mnu  12th  rept. 

ins.  N.  V..  1.  1896,  1897,  p.  313. 
Cecidomyia  sp.,  Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  lie,  liy;.  75. 
Cecidomyia  virginiana  Jarvls,  37th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario.  1906,  p.  <',7. 
Contarinia  virginianwe  Felt,  23  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  383,  392. 

A  malformation  of  the  fruit.  The  stone  is  absent  and  the  fruit  en- 
la  l'ged  and  elongated.  1  cm.  long,  5  mm.  wide;  walls  1.5  mm.  thick. 
Monothalamous.  Larvae  leave  the  gall  in  June  or  July.  On  Prunus 
virginiana,  choke  cherry,  common.  In  every  one  of  large  numbers 
examined  the  hole  by  which  the  insect  left  the  gall  was  very  close  to  the 
insertion  of  the  stem. 

Prunus  serotina. 
Eriophyes  serotinae  Beutenmiiller.      Wild  cherry  pouch-gall. 

Acarus  st  rotinae  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  inns.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  27s.  pi.  16,  tiy.  7:  Ins. 
galls  vicin.  X.  V..  1904,  p.  38,  fig.  87. 
Cook,  29th   aim.  rept.   Dept.  geol.  and   nat.  res.  Indiana   t.   Unit.    1905,   p.  s."is. 
1iu'.  49. 
Without  scientific  name,  Buekhout,  Proc.  Amer.  assoc.  adv.  sci.  I.  1882,  lss:{,  v.  31.  p.  475. 

Bagen,  Can.  ent.,  1885,  v.  17,  p.  27. 
Eriophyes  s<  rotinae  Jarvis,  37th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  sue.  <  Ontario,  1906,  p.  t',1 ;  probably  as  Eriophyes, 

sp.,  <qt.  rit.,    1907.  p.  94. 

A  pouch-like  gall  on  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  the  neck  constricted,  the 
opening  on  under  side  of  the  leaf.  5-10  mm.  long.  Green  or  red. 
Common  on  wild  cherry,  Prunus  serotina. 

Eriophyes  padi,  Nal.,  of  cultivated  cherry  of  Europe,  seems  identical. 
Compare  C.  Houard,  Les  Zoocecidies  des  plantes  d'Europe,  190S,   p.  565. 

Cecidomyia  serotinae  Osten  Sacken.     Wild-cherry  bud-gall. 

Cecidomyia  serotinae  Osten  Sacken,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  sue.  lsTl,  v.  3,  p.  346-347. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist., 1892,  v.  4,  p.  265;    Ins.  galls 

vicin.  X.  Y.,  19(14.  p.  25-26,  fig. 
Cook,  29th  aim.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana    t.  1994.  1905,  p. 838 
Jarvis,  37th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  66. 

Club-shaped,  fleshy  enlargement  of  terminal  bud,  sometimes  with  one 
or  two  leaves  growing  out.  Tip  shows  end  of  deformed  leaves.  About 
2  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide.  Bright  red  becoming  brown  in  fall.  Monothala- 
mous, containing  several  leaping  larvae.  Found  in  May.  Common  on 
black  cherry.  Primus  serotina. 

PAPILIONACBAB. 
Crotalaria  sagittalis. 

Cedidomyia?  crotalariae,  n.  s.         Rattlebox  stem-gall.  Fig.  83. 

A  fusiform  swelling  of  the  winged  stem.  Orange  larvae,  sometimes 
several  in  one  gall.  Often  eaten  into  by  the  larva  of  Uteiheisa  bella  (an 
arctiid  moth)  which  devours  the  ceeidomyid  larvae.  On  rattlebox,  Crota- 
laria sagittalis.     Common.     September. 


Insect  Galls.  41 

Robinia  pseudacacia. 
Ecdytolopha  insiticiana  Zeller.         Locust  twig-borer  gall.  Fig.  84. 

Ecdytolopha  insiticiana  Zeller,  Verh.  Zool.-bot.  ges.  Wien,  1>7.">.  v.  25,  p.  266. 
Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  eomm.,  1890,  p.  359-360. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  L906,  p.  65,  pi.  K,  fig.  2. 

Swellings  of  twig,  somewhat  sticky  on  surface,  with  hole  at  base, 
through  which  castings  fall.  About  2  cm.  long,  7-8  nun.  thick.  Larvae 
leave  the  gall  about  Oct.  1,  spin  thin  cocoons  among  leaves  on  the  ground  : 
the  moth  emerges  late  in  October.   On  common  locust,  Robinia  pseudacacia. 

SAPINDALES. 

ANACARDIACEAE. 
Rhus  hirta. 
Pemphigus  rhois  Fitch.  Sumac  tomato-gall.  Fig.  87. 

Byrsocrypta  rhois  Fitch,  Monti),  journ.  N.  Y.  agr.  so.-,  t.  Aug.,  1866,  p.  T:i. 
Melaphis  rhois  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  sot-.  Phil.,  1867,  v.  6,  i>.  282. 
Pemphigus  rhois  Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  \ .  I,  p.  ins,  fig.  89. 

Packard,  Guide  study  ins.,  1869,  p.  524,  fig.  523. 

Oestlund,  Bull.  4,  Geol.  and  nat.  hist.  suit.  Minn.,  lss;.  p.  ■>:;. 

Beutenmiiller,  Pull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1802,  v.  4,  p.  -277,  pi.  lti,  tig.  <>;    Ins 
galls  vicin.  X.  Y.,1904,  p.  37-38,  fig.  84. 

Lmtner,  12th  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1896,  1897,  p.  290-292,  pi.  II.  fig.  1. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  140,  rig.  113. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario.  1906,  p.  65. 

A  smooth,  rounded  hollow  gall  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  varying 
greatly  in  size.  Color  yellow-green  with  orange  and  much  red.  Insects 
fully  grown  in  September.  Not  very  common.  On  smooth  sumac,  Rims 
glabra.     Reported  on  Rhus  hirta. 

Rhus  glabra. 
Pemphigus  rhois  Fitch.     See  above. 

Rhus  radicans. 
Eriophyes  rhois,  n.  s.         Poison  ivy  mite-gall.  Fig.  88. 

Phytoptus,  sp.,  Garmau,  12th  rept.  state  ent.  111.,  lss:;.  p   138. 

Eriophyes,  sp.,  Cook,  29th  ami.  rept.  Dept.  geoi.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  862. 

Jarvis.  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  60,  pi.  A.  fig.  .">. 
Without  scientific  name,  Buckhout,  Proc.  Amer.  assoc.  adv.  sci.  f.  1882,  1883,  v.  31,  p.  476 

Eagen,  Can.  ent.,  lss;,,  \  .  IT,  p.  28. 

Corrugations  upon  the  upper  and  lower  surfaces  of  the  leaf  of  poison 
ivy,  Rhus  radicans.  These  are  pubescent  with  whitish  hairs  similar  to 
those  upon  other  parts  of  the  leaf,  but  more  plentiful  upon  the  upper  sur- 
face, and  extremely  so  on  the  under  side.  The  projections  above  are 
raised  more  and  somewhat  constricted  at  the  point  of  attachment,  some- 
what like  the  gall  of  Colopha  ulmicola. 

CBLASTRACEAB. 
Celastrus  scandens. 
Cecidomyia?  celastri,  n.  s.         Bittersweet  root-gall. 

Irregular  enlargement  of  roots  of  bittersweet,  Celastrus  scandens,  some- 
what pear-shaped.      Polythalamous.    25  mm.  long,  10  mm.  greatest  diam- 


42  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

eter.      Color  as  of  the  root,  orange  with  traces  of  green.     Pithy,  soft. 
Contained  small  white  larvae  Sept.  1907.     Cells  well  filled. 

ACERACBAE. 
Acer  saccharinum. 
Eriophyes  quadripedes  Shimer.  Silver  maple  mite-gall. 

Vasates  quadripedes  Shimer,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1869,  v.  2,  p.  319. 

Phytoptus  quadripes  Garman,  12th  rept.  state,  ent.  111.,  1883,  p.  135;  Psyche,  1892,  v.  6,  p.  243. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  conim.,  1890,  p.  422-423,  tig.  154-155. 

Cook,  Ohio,  nat.  1902,  v.  2,  fig.  10;  1903,  v.  3,  p.  423,  fig.  43. 
Eriophyes  quadripes  Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f .  1904, 1905,  p.  860. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  59,  pi.  F,  fig.  1. 

A  small  gall,  pouch-like  with  constricted  neck,  on  upper  side  of  the 
leaf.  Green,  becoming  dark  violet  and  black.  Common  on  silver  maple, 
Acer  saccharinum. 

Acer  rubrum. 

Cecidomyia  ocellaris  Osten  Sacken.  Maple  spot-gall. 

Cecidomyia  ocellaris  Osten  Sacken  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  199. 
Sciara  ocellaris  Comstock,  Kept.  Conim.  agric.  f.  1881  and  1882,  (1883).  p.  202-204,  pi.  17. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  IT.  S.  ent.  comni.  1890,  p.  411-412,  pi.  38. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  273. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  141,  fig.  119;  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat. 
res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  843,  fig.  35. 
Sciara  ocellata  Beutenmiiller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  33,  fig. 
Cecidomyia  ocellata  Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  66,  pi.  E,  fig.  6. 

An  eye-like  spot,  red  center  surrounded  by  yellow  or  green  and  this  by 
red,  7  mm.  in  diameter,  more  or  less.  Larva  probably  drops  to  the 
ground  to  transform.    Very  common  on  leaves  of  red  maple,  Acer  rubrum. 

Acer  saccharum. 
Eriophyes  crumena  Riley. 

.Icarus  accris-cruiueiia  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1870,  v.  2,  p.  339. 
Phytoptus  acericola  Garman,  12th  Kept,  state  ent.  111.,  1883,  p.  135. 

Packard,  5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm.  1890,  p.  424. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  fig.  11 ;  1903,  v.  3,  p.  423,  fig.  45;  1904,  v.  4,  p.  118. 
Without  scientific  name,  Buekhout,  Proc.  Amer.  assoc.  adv.  sci.  f.  1882,  1883,  v.  31,  p.  475. 
Eriophyes  acericola  Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  aud  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  860. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  59. 

A  tapering  small  gall  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf.  About  5  mm.  long. 
Green  or  red.     On  sugar  maple,  Acer  saccharum. 

Eriophyes  rosea.  Schult.     Eed  frost  gall  of  maple. 

Eriophyes,  sp.,  Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  61,  pi.  B,  rig.  1. 

These  galls  look  like  red  frost  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaf,  where  they 
form  clusters  extending  in  the  general  direction  of  the  smaller  veins.  An 
occasional  solitary  one  shows  a  distinct  pouch  shape,  somewhat  constricted 
at  the  base.     On  sugar  maple,  Acer  saccharum.     Common. 

I fndelermined  gall. 

This  gall  consists  of  enlargement  of  the  veins,  swollen  and  fleshy  below, 
opening  by  a  slit  above.  Of  very  irregular  length.  Gaping  widely  when 
old.     Not  common.     On  sugar  maple,  Acer  saccharum. 


Insect  Galls.  4:? 

Acer  spicatum. 
Eriophyes  spicati,  n.  s.     White  frost  gall  of  mountain  maple. 

Without  scientific  name,  Garman,  Psyche,  L892,  v.  6,  p.  242. 
Eriophyes,  sp.,  Jarvis,  37th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  62. 

The  clusters  of  these  galls  are  formed  commonly  in  the  angles  of  the 
veins  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf.  Small,  white.  On  mountain  maple, 
Acer  spicatum.     Common.     Russell  and  Mt.  Holyoke,  Mass. 

BALSAMINACEAB. 
Impatiens  biflora. 
Cecidomyia  impatientis  Osten  Sacken.     Touch-me-not  gall.     Fig.  85. 

Cecidomyia  impatientis  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  204. 
Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  2,  p.  63,  fig.  42. 
Beutenmiiller,  Ins.  galls  vicin.  N".  Y.,  1904,  p.  30,  fig.;   Bull.  Amer,  mus. 
nat,  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  392,  pi.  16,  fig.  7-8. 

Polythalamous,  spherical,  smooth,  juicy  galls,  apparently  formed  at 
base  of  flower.  P^xtremely  perishable.  5-8  mm.  in.  diameter.  Green, 
with  darker  markings  occasionally.  August  on  Impatiens  }>ijh>rn. 
Abundant  but  local.     Larvae  leave  galls  to  pupate  about  September  1. 

Lasioptera  impaUentifolia  Felt.     Midrib  gall  on  touch-me-not.     Fig.  86. 

Without  scientific  name,  Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  69. 

Lasioptera  impatientifolia  Felt,  22nd  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1906,  1907,  p.  105-106;  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y. 

f.  1907,  1908,  p.  320,  323,  324,  327. 
Cecidomyia  impatientis  Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1904,  v.  4,  p.  140,  fig.  115. 

On  petiole  or  midrib,  on  both  sides.  1  cm.  long,  4  mm.  wide.  Green, 
smooth,  monothalamous,  containing  several  larvae.  On  Impatiens  biflora. 
Common. 

RHAMNALES. 

VITACBAE. 
Vitis. 
Phylloxera  vitifoliae  Fitch.     Grape  phylloxera  gall. 

Pemphigus  vitifoliae  Fitch,  Trans.  N.  Y.  state  agr.  soc.  f.  1854,  1855,  v.  14,  p.  862.     (l*t  rept.  ins. 

N.  Y.,  1855) 
Byrsocrypta  vitifoliae  Walsh,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1862,  v.  1,  p.  305. 
Phylloxera  vastatrix  Planehon,  Compt.  rend.  Acad.  sci.  Paris,  14  Sepr-.  1868. 

Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  248,  fig.  184;  v.  2,  p.  61. 
Phylloxera  vitifoliae  Riley,  3d  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1871,  p.  84-116,  fig.  39-40. 
Phylloxera  vastatrix  Riley,  Repts.  ins.  Mo.:  4th,  1872,  p.  55-70;   5th,  1873,  p.  57-73;  6th,  1S74,  p.  30- 

86;  7th,  1875,  p.  90-121;  8th,  1876,  p.  157-168.        Numerous  figures. 
Phylloxera  vastatrix  Saunders,  Can.  ent.,  1882,  v.  14,  p.  121-128,  fig.  14-19. 
Smith,  Econ.  ent,,  1896,  p.  128-130,  fig. 
Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  855 

856,  fig.  46-47. 
Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  65. 
(The  foregoing  eites  tout  few  of  the  accounts  of  this  insect  so  very  destructive  to  the 
vineyards  of  southern  Europe.    The  European  bibliography  would  itself  fill  a  good-sized 
volume.) 

A  small  rough  gall  on  either  side  of  the  leaf,  usually,  when  present,  in 
vast  numbers.  Another  generation  forms  galls  on  the  roots,  causing  con- 
siderable damage,  especially  in  Europe.  Common  on  wild  and  some 
cultivated  grapes. 


44  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Lasioptera  vitis  Osten  Sacken.  Grape-vine  tomato-gall. 

Lasioptera  vitis  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  X.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  202. 
Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  247,  fig.  183. 
Riley,  5th  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1873,  p.  117,  fig. 

Williams,  8th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1877,  p.  50,  li^.  4a. 
Reed,  13th  ami.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1882,  p.  49,  rig.  33. 
Saunders,  Ins.  inj.  fruit,  1883,  p.  294-295,  fig.  306. 
Lintner,  4th  rept-  ins.  X.  Y.,  1888,  p.  63-67,  fig.  29. 
Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer,  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892-,  v.  4,  p.  -272. 
Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  322,  323,  324. 

This  gall  consists  of  a  bunch  of  swellings,  very  irregular  as  to  size  and 
shape,  on  new  growth.  Soft  and  juicy.  Surface  smooth,  green  with  red 
tinge  or  all  red.  Polythalamous.  May  and  early  June.  Common  on 
wild  grapes.     Larvae  enter  ground  to  pupate.     Fly  late  in  June. 

Vitis  labrusca. 
Schizomyia  pomum  Walsh  and  Riley.     Grape-vine  apple-gall.        Fig.  89. 

( 'ecidomyia  vitis-pomum  Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  106,  fig.  85. 

Williams,  Ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1877,  p.  48-49,  fig.  38. 
Schi.omyia  pomum  Felt,  23d  rept,  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  374,  379. 

An  irregular  gall,  apparently  the  deformation  of  a  bud.  Somewhat 
pointed  at  apex,  flattened  at  base  where  attached.  Ribbed  slight^. 
Wooly  pubescent.  Polythalamous  with  larval  cells  arranged  lengthwise 
in  two  "stories,"  pithy.  About  2  cm.  in  diameter.  Green,  turning  brown 
when  mature.     On  northern  fox-grape,  Vitis  labrusca. 

Vitis  cordifolia. 
Schizomyia  coryloides  Walsh  and  Riley.     Grape-vine  filbert-gall.    Fig.  90. 

Cecidomyia  vitis-coryloides  Walsh  and  Riley,  Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.  106-107,  fig.  86. 

Riley,  5th  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1873,  p.  116-117,  fig. 

Williams,  Ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1877,  p.  49,  fig.  39. 
Schizomyia  coryloides  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907, 1908,  p.  374,  379. 

Irregular,  fusiform,  monothalamous  galls,  occurring  in  clusters  of  from 
10  to  50,  apparently  deformation  of  a  bud.  Within  they  are  pithy,  the 
larval  cell  long,  with  woody  shell,  lying  lengthwise  in  gall.  Green  when 
young,  brown  when  mature,  covered,  especially  towards  the  tip,  with  wooly 
pubescence.  15-20  mm.  long,  6-10  mm.  wide.  On  stem  of  frost  grape, 
Vitis  cordifolia. 

Parthenocissus  quinquefolia. 
Cecidomyia?  parthenocissi,  n.  s.     Midrib  gall  of  Virginia  creeper.    Fig.  91. 

Without  scientific  name,. I ur vis,  37th  anu.  rept.  Ent.  soc,  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68-69,  pi.  O,  fig.  7. 

On  under  side  of  midrib  of  woodbine  Parthenocissus  quinquefolia,  open- 
ing by  slit  on  upper  side  of  leaf.  About  9  mm.  long,  6  mm.  wide,  others 
about  5  cm.  X  7  mm.     Highest  in  middle.     Red  and  green. 

MALVALES. 

TILIACBAE. 

Tilia  americana. 

Eriophyes  abnormis  Garman.     Linden  pouch-gall. 
Phytoptu8  abnormis  Garman,  12th  rept.  state  ent.  111..  1883,  p.  134. 

Packard, 5th  rept.,  r.  s.  cut.  comm,  1890,  p.  480. 

Cook,  Ohio  oat.,  1902,  v.  2,  lis-  '■';  1903,  v.  3.  p.  423,  tig.  44. 


Insect  <  Jai.i.s.  i,~> 

Withoul  scientific  name,  Buckbout,  Proc.  Amer,  assoc.  adv.  sci.  f.  L882,  1888,  v.  31,  p.  4T.">. 
Hagen.  Can.  cut.,  L885,  v.  IT,  p.  28, 

Eriophyes  abnormis  Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  r.  1904,1905,  d.  860- 
861,  flg.  51. 
Jarvis,  37tli  ann   rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  i>.  59,  pi.  C,  titf.  6. 

A  pouch-like  gall  usually  on  upper  side  of  the  leaf  with  the  opening 

below,  neck  constricted.     The  upper  end  of  the  gall  folded  into  notches. 

Common  on  basswood,  Tilia  americana. 

Cecidomyia?  citrina  Osten  Sacken. 

Cecidomyia  citrina  Osten  Sacken,  Trans.  Amer,  ent.  soc,  1870,  v.  A,  p.  58. 

Irregular,  fleshy  galls  on  terminal  buds  of  young  shoots.  Polythala- 
mous.  Color  of  bark.  Sometimes  with  leaves  growing  out.  5-<S  mm.  in 
diameter.     July  and  August.     Not  rare.     On  linden,  Tilia  americana. 

Cecidomyia  verrucicola  Osten  Sacken.     Basswood  wart-gall. 

Cecidomyia   verrucicola  Osten  Sacken,  Can.  cut.,  1875,  v.  7,  p.  201-202. 

BeutenuiUller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  -jr,4 . 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  p.  -.'(IT,  fitf.  24;  1903,  v.  3,  p.  427,  li-i.  62  63. 
Jarvis.  ,'!7tli  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  (',7. 

Rounded,  wartlike  galls  showing  on  both  sides  of  the  leaf.  About  3  mm. 
in  diameter,  1-2  mm.  thick.  Red  above,  green  below.  Open  in  the  fall 
by  a  lid  below.  On  linden,  Tilia  americana.  Common.  A  gall  that  ap- 
pears to  be  the  same  differing  only  in  size,  appears  on  the  fruit  and  on 
the  bract. 

PARIE  TALES. 
VIOLACEAE. 
Viola  sagittata. 
Cecidomyia  semenivora  Beutenmuller.     Fig.  92. 

Cecidomyia  semenivora  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.,  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  390-391,  pi.  15, 

fig.  1-4. 
Without  name,  Bramerd,  Rhodora,  1904,  v.  6,  p.  15. 

A  monothalamous,  subglobular  gall,  the  apex  prolonged  to  a  slender 
point,  found  in  the  midst  of  the  crown  of  leaves  of  Viola  sagittata.  The 
color  and  surface  are  similar  to  those  of  the  surrounding  petioles.  The 
mediumly  thick  walls  enclose  several  light  yellow  larvae,  none  of  which 
have  been  reared.  Only  three  specimens  have  been  collected  by  me. 
Also  on  Viola  cucullata. 

Viola  cucullata. 
Cecidomyia  semenivora  Beutenmuller.     See  above.  % 

UMBELLALES. 
CORNACEAE. 
Cornus  florida. 
Lasioptera  clavula  Beutenmuller.     Dogwood  club-gall. 

Cecidomyia  clavula  Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  269,  pi.  15,  fig.  5; 
Ins.  galls,  vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  29,  fig. 

Townsend,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Wash.,  1893,  v.  2,  p.  390. 

Cook,  29th  ann.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat.  res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  841. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  69. 
Lasioptera  clavula  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  396,  pi.  14,  figs.  5-6. 


46  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Club-shaped,  monothalamous  gall  terminating  twig.  2-3  cm.  long. 
Color  of  twig.  Larval  cell  elongated.  Found  in  July  and  later.  Not 
rare.  On  flowering  dog-wood,  Cornvs  Jiorida.  Larvae  leave  the  gall  in 
September  or  October  and  enter  the  ground  to  transform.  Adults  emerge 
during  May  and  June. 

Cornus  amomum. 

Ceeidomyia?  tuba,  n.  s. 

On  leaf  of  Cornus  amomum.  Hemispherical  above,  about  3  mm.  in 
diameter,  projecting  like  a  curved  tube  beneath,  about  8  mm.,  open  at  end. 
Light  green  below,  red-brown  above.  Bright  orange  larva.  Three  galls 
on  each  leaf. 

Cornus  candidissima. 

Lasioptera  corni  Felt.     Dogwood  leaf -gall. 

Lasioptera  corni  Felt.  22d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1906, 1907,  p.  107;  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p. 
318,  324. 

On  leaf  of  Cornus  candidissima,  projecting  slightly  on  each  side,  6-7 
mm.  in  diameter,  several  on  a  leaf.  Light  green  or  yellow  in  the  middle, 
shading  into  deep  red.     Wilbraham,  Mass. 

ERICALES. 
VACCINIACEAE. 
Polycodium  stamineum. 
Ceeidomyia  vaccinii  Osten  Sacken.  Fig.  93. 

Ceeidomyia  vaccinii  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mod.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  196. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  392,  pi.  16,  fig.  10-12. 

A  cock's-comb  shaped  gall  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  on  the  veins. 
Green.  Opens  by  a  slit  when  mature,  when  the  larvae  leave  the  gall  to 
transform  in  the  ground.  September.  South  Hadley,  Mass.  On  deer- 
berry,  Polycodium  stamineum. 

Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum. 

Solenozopheria  vaccinii  Ashmead.  Huckleberry  gall. 

Solenozopheria  vaccinii  Ashmead,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1887,  v.  14,  p.  149. 
Beutenmuller,  Ins.  galls  viein.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  22,  fig. 

Reniform,  polythalamous,  twig-gall,  concave  side  attached  to  the  stem. 
Pithy.  Green  with  sometimes  a  tinge  of  red,  turning  brown  and  harder  in 
the  fall.  2-3  cm.  long.  Common  on  blueberry,  Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum. 
Insects  emerge  the  following  spring. 

OENTIANALES. 
OLBACEAB. 
Fraxinus  americana. 
Phylloxera?  fraxini  n.  s. 

A  fleshy  rounded  gall  on  upper  side  of  the  leaflet,  opening  by  a  slit  on 
the  under  side.  About  5  mm.  in  diameter.  Green,  becoming  yellow  with 
red-brown  tinge.     On  white  ash,  Fraxinus  americana.     Not  common. 


Inskct  Galls.  47 

Cecidomyia pellex  Osten  Sacken.     Ash  midrib-gall. 

Cecidomyia  pellex  Osten  Sacken,  in  I.oew's  Mini.  dipt.  X.  A  ,  1862,  i > t .  1.  p.  199. 

Cook,  Ohio,  nut.,  1904,  v.  4.  p.  140,  litf.  114;  29th  mm.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat. 

res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  L905,  p.  838-839,  tij,'.  31. 
Beutenmiiller,  Ins.  Ralls  vicin.  X.  Y.,  1904,  p.  26,  tig. 
Jarvis,  37th  ami.  rept.  Knt.  SOC.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  07,  pi.  E,  li^.  .">. 

Consists  of  the  swollen  midrib  of  the  leaflet.  One  or  several  leaflets 
may  be  deformed.  Renifonn,  smooth,  juicy,  mainly  on  under  side  of  the 
leaflet,  15-30  mm.  long.  Pale  green,  frequently  with  much  red.  Rather 
common  on  white  ash,  Fraxinus  americana.     May  and  June. 


POLEMONIA  L  ES . 

CONVOLVULACEAE. 

Convolvulus  sepium. 

Lasioptera  convolvuli  Felt.  Fig.  94. 

Lasioptera  convolvuli  Felt,  22d  rept.  ius.  N.  Y.  f.  1906,  1907,  p. 149-150;  '23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907, 
1908,  p.  318,  3'26. 

An  elliptical  swelling  of  the  main  stem.  About  1  cm.  long  and  two 
and  one-half  times  the  diameter  of  the  stem.  The  outer  portions  are  pithy 
with  some  longitudinal  spaces.  The  orange  larva  apparently  occupies  the 
pith-cavity,  surrounded  by  the  unchanged  walls.  September.  On  upright 
bindweed,  Convolvulus  spithamaeus,  and  on  hedge  bindweed,  C.  sepium. 

Convolvulus  spithamaeus. 
Lasioptera  convolvuli  Felt.     See  above. 

LABIATAE. 
Trichostema  dichotomum. 
Stagmatophora  sexnotella  Chambers.     Blue-curls  stem-gall.     Fig.  95-96. 

Gelechin  sextioMln  Chambers,  "Bull.  U.  S.  geol.-geogr.  surv.,  1878,  v.  4,  p.  88. 
Mompha  sexnotella  Busek,  Journ.  N.  Y.  ent.  soc.,  1902,  v.  10,  p.  97-98,  pi.  12,  tig.  7. 

Dyar,  List  N.  A.  lepid.  (Bull.  52,  IT.  S.  nat.  mus.)  1902,  p.  543,  no.  6168. 
Stagmatophora  sexnotella  Walsingham,  Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  1907,  v.  33,  p.  219-220. 

This  monothalamous  gall  is  an  enlargement  of  the  stem,  often  just  be- 
low the  flowering  branches  of  blue-curls,  Trichostema  dichotomum.  It  is 
irregularly  reniform,  tapering  somewhat  above,  ending  bluntly  below. 
They  average  about  18  by  6  mm.  The  surface  and  coloring  are  similar  to 
•those  of  the  stem.  The  thick  spongy  walls  enclose  a  cavity  following  the 
general  curl  of  the  gall,  extending  below  however,  through  the  wall  to  a 
projection  at  the  base  of  the  concave  side,  where  it  is  separated  from  the 
exterior  by  the  epidermis  of  the  stem  only,  thus  providing  for  the  escape 
of  the  adult  which  could  not  eat  its  way  out,  having  no  mandibles. 
Abundant. 


48  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

RUBIALES. 
CAPRIFOLIACBAB. 
Sambucus  canadensis. 
Cecidomyia  umbellicola  Osten  Sacken.  Fig.  98. 

Cecidomyia  sambuci-umbellicola  Osten  Sacken,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  sot-.,  1870,  v.  3,  p.  52,  347. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  uat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  269; 
1907,  v.  -23.  p   393,  pi.  16,  fig.  9. 

Galls  existing  as  a  deformity  of  the  flower  buds  of  common  elder. 
Round,  monothalamous,  white  when  young,  turning  dark.  About  five 
times  the  diameter  of  the  bud.  Abundant  where  found.  On  common 
elder,  Sambucus  canadensis.  Found  in  June.  Described  as  on  Sambucus 
pubens    by  Osten  Sacken. 

Neolasioptera  sambuci  Felt.  Fig.  97. 

( v  cidomyia  sambuci  Felt,  21st  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1905,  1906,  p.  181,  fig.  46-48. 
Lasioptera  sambuci  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  396. 
Neolasioptera  sambuci  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  321,  331. 

An  irregular  elliptical  swelling  of  the  main  stem  and  side  shoots. 
About  three  times  the  normal  diameter  of  the  stem.  Roughened,  corru- 
gated. Within  brown  and  pithy  about  woody  part.  On  common  elder, 
Sambucus  canadensis.  The  larvae  remain  in  the  gall  over  winter,  trans- 
forming and  emerging  in  May  or  June. 

Sambucus  pubens. 
Cecidomyia  umbellicola  Osten  Sacken.      See  above. 

Viburnum  dentatum. 

Eriophyes  viburni,  n.  s.     Mite  gall  of  viburnum. 

Corrugations  of  leaf  causing  entire  change  of  appearance.  Apparently 
caused  by  action  of  insect  on  under  side,  as  the  upper  side  arches  over 
abnormally.  Both  within  and  without  densely  clothed  with  short  white 
hairs.  Similar  in  appearance  to  galls  of  Schizoneura  americana  of  the  elm. 
On  Viburnum  dentatum. 

Viburnum  nudum? 
Undetermined  gall. 

Oval  enlargement  of  stem,  mainly  below  but  including  the  node. 
Monothalamous,  woody,  thick-walled.  Cavity  brown-lined,  curved  out 
above  a  side  branch   and   opening   through   a  side-swelling.  Castings 

noticeable.       Color   slightly   redder   than    normal    stem.       One   specimen. 
August.      On  Viburnum  ?nudum. 

Diervilla  diervilla. 

Cecidomyia?  inaequalis,  n.  s. 

The  enlarged  fruit  of  Diervilla  diervilla.  Most  arc  larger  on  one  side 
causing  a  bending  in  other  direction,  some  almost  sickle-shaped.  Color 
same  as  fruit.     Mt.  Holyoke,  Mass. 


Insect  Galls.  49 

CAMPANULALES. 

CICHORIACEAE. 
Lactuca  canadensis. 
Aulax  tumidus  Bassett.         Lettuce  tumor-gall. 

Aulax  tumidus  Bassett,  Trans.  Arner.  ent.  soc,  1890,  v.  17.  p.  -i-i. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer,  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  \ .  I.  p.  itv.i. 
Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  72. 

This  gall  consists  of  an  irregular,  rough,  knotty  enlargement  of  the  main 

stem.     Sometimes  5-7  cm.  long,  2-.">  cm.  thick,  sometimes  smaller.    Poly- 

thalamous.     Common  on  wild  lettuce,  Lactuca  canadensis. 

AMBROSIACEAE. 

Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia. 

Undetermined  lepidopterous  gall. 

A  spindle-shaped  woody  gall  on  the  main  stem  or  side  shoots,  below 
the  raceme.  Same  color  as  the  stem.  15-20  mm.  long,  5-7  mm.  wide. 
Monothalamous,  cell-walls  about  2  mm.  thick,  rough  within.  v\n  opening 
near  the  top  provided  for  emergence.  Lepidopterous  larva,  full-grown  in 
late  September.     Not  rare  on  rag-weed,  Ambrosia  artemisiaefolia. 

COMPOSITAE. 
Eupatorium  perfoliatum. 
Neolasioptera perfoliata  Felt.         Boneset  stem-gall.     Fig.  99. 

Choristoneura  perfoliata  Felt,  22d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1906,  1907,  p.  156-157. 

•Jiii-vis,  38th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  88,  pi.  A,  tiK-  5. 
Veolasioptera  perfoliata  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  X.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  319,  332. 

A  monothalamous,  elliptical  swelling  of  the  stem,  varying  much  in  size, 
usually  twice  the  diameter  of  the  stem.  Walls  about  natural  thickness. 
Cavity  contains  a  brown  cellular  mass.  Late  summer,  common.  On 
thoroughwort,  Eupatorium  perfoliatum. 

Eupatorium  ageratoides. 
Ceridomyia?  eupatoriflorae  Beutenmiiller!  Fig.  100. 

Cecidomyiat  eupatoriflorae  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mns.  nat.  hist..  1907,  v.  23,  p.  391,  pi.  16, 
fig.  4-5. 

An  irregularly  spherical  gall,  sometimes  indented  at  the  top.  A  de- 
formation of  a  flower-head,  some  portions  of  which  are  to  be  seen.  Fleshy, 
downy,  green.  Diameter  1-2  cm.  Singly  or  in  groups  on  white  snake- 
root,  Eupatorium  ageratoides.  September.  Springfield,  ."Mass.  and 
Suffield,  Conn. 

Solidago. 
Cecidomyia?  bifolia,  n.  s. 

A  small,  monothalamous  gall,  binding  together  two  leaves.  Hounded, 
showing  a  little  more  above.  The  leaves  grow  together.  The  insect 
emerges  in  early  summer.     Not  common.     On  goldenrod  Solidago. 


oO  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Rhopalomyia  anthophila  Osten  Sacken.     Downy  flower-gall  of  goldenrod. 
Fig.  104.      , 

( 'ecidomyia  anthophila  <  >sten  Sacken,  Trims.  Amer.  en't.  sot-.,  1869,  v.  2,  p.  30-2-303. 

Beuteimiiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mas.  nut.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  272. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1901,  v.  4,  p.  116,  fig.  73. 
Rhopalomyia  anthophila  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907, 1908,  p. 358, 364,  365;  Ottawa  nut., 1909,  v. 

22,  p.  246. 

These  down}7  galls  are  deformations  of  flowers.  Conical,  with  blunt 
tip,  as  if  truncated.  Mpnothalamous,  7-8  mm.  long.  Green  covered  with 
pale  hairs.  Abundant  in  heads  of  goldenrod,  Solidago,  several  species. 
Insects  emerge  about  the  first  of  September. 

Rhopalomyia  racemicola  Osten  Sacken.    Beaked  goldenrod -gall.    Fig.  109. 

Cecidomyia  racemicola  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  196. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mils.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.393,  pi. 17,  fig. 14. 
Rhopalomyia  racemicola  Felt, 22d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  l!)06,  1907,  p.  120-121;  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f. 
1907, 1908,  p.  358,  364,  366;  Ottawa  nat.,  1909,  v.  22,  p.  246. 

Globular,  smooth,  beaked  gall,  deformation  of  a  flower,  2-3  mm.  in 
diameter.  Monothalamous.  Green,  becoming  brown.  Insects  emerge  in 
early  September.     On  goldenrod,  Solidago. 

Dasyneura  solidaginis  Loew.     Goldenrod  bunch-gall.         Fig.  108. 

Cecidomyia  solidaginis  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  X.  A.,  186.2,  pt.  1,  p.  194-195,  pi.  I.  fig. 
4-7. 
Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  nans.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  271;  Ins.  galls 

vicin.  N.  Y.,  1904,  p.  31,  tig. 
Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1902,  v.  2,  p.  272,  fig.  37. 
Jarvis,  37th  unn.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68. 

This  gall  is  a  deformation  of  terminal  buds  producing  a  mass  of 
hundreds  of  leaves,  the  outer  ones  little  changed,  the  inner  ones  success- 
ively more  and  more  narrow,  a  single  small  gall  at  the  tip  of  each  branch. 
On  goldenrod,  Solidago,  several  species.     Very  common. 

Baldratia  carbonifera  Osten  Sacken.     Goldenrod  leaf-gall. 

(  '<  cidomyia  carbonifera  Osten  Sacken,  in  Loew's  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  195. 

Trelease,  Psyche,  1884,  v.  4,  p.  196-200. 
Baldratia  carbonifera  Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907,  1908,  p.  321,  328;  Ottawa  nat.,  1909,  v.  22, 
p.  248. 

Pale,  circular  spots  in  leaf  surrounded  by  a  dark  ring.  Several  larvae 
in  each  gall.  4-6  mm.  in  diameter.  Some  of  the  galls  contain  a  substance 
like  powdered  charcoal.     On  goldenrods,  Solidago.     Very  common. 

Eutreta  sparsa  Wiedemann. 

Trypeta  sparsa  Wiedemann,  Aussereur.  zwcifl.  ins.,  1830.  v.  2,  p.  492. 

Loew,  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  78,  pi.  2,  tig.  13. 
Trypeta  caliptera  Say,  -lourn.  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.,  1830,  v.  6,  p.  187. 
Platy stoma  latipennis  Macquart,  Mem.  soc  sci.  Lille,  1842  (1843),  p.  355;  Dipt,  exotiqnes,  1843, 

v.3,  p.  200,  pi.  26,  fig.  8. 
Acinia  novaeboracensis  Fitch,  1st  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.,  1855,  p.  67. 
Eutreta  sparsa  Thompson,  Psyche,  1907,  v.  14,  p.  72,  74,  fig.  2. 

Gall  on  growing  shoot  of  Solidago,  above  ground;  full  size  in  April. 
Larva  grew  in  May,  pupated  in  June,  flies  emerged  about  20th  of  June. 

Enrosta  comma  Wiedemann. 

Trypeta  comma  Wiedemann,  Aussereur.  zweifl.  ins.,  1830,  v.  2,  p.  478. 
Loew,  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  93-94,  pi.  2,  fig.  28. 
.iciuia  comma  Macquart, Mem.  Soc.  sci.  Lille,  1842,  (1843),  p. 386;    Dipt,  exotiqnes,  1843,  v.3, 

p.  229. 


[nsect  ( i alls.  51 

Rather  irregular,  more  or  less  spherical  galls  at  base  of  stems  of  Solid- 
ago, 15  by  10  mm.,  when  fresh  somewhat  green  and  plump  :  later  dry  and 
wrinkled,  brown.  Produced  a  large  ny,  some  smaller  galls  produced  no 
insects.     July. 

Eurosta  solidaginis  Fitch.     Goldenrod  ball-gall. 

Acinia  solidaginis  Fitch,  1st  rept.  ins.  N.  V.,  f.  L854,  1855,  p.  771. 

Tephritis  asteris  Harris,  Rept.  ins.  Mass.  inj.  veg.,  1841,  p.  417;  Trent  ins.  V  K.  raj.  veg.,  1842, 

p.  417;  same  L852,  p.  497-498;  Treat,  ins.  inj.  veg.  (Flint  <■<!.),  L862,  p.  620-621. 

(Incorrect  determination  of  host-plant  as  aster.) 
Trypeta  solidaginis  Loew,  Mon.  dipt:  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  82. 

Walsh,  Pract.  ent.,  L866,  v.  1,  p.  114. 

Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.   mus.  aat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  274,  pi.  1"),  fig.  6: 
Ins.  Kails  vicin.  X.  V.,  1904,  p.  34,  fig. 

Baker,  Ent.  news.  1895,  v.  6,  p.  174. 

Fyles,  Can.  ent.,  1894,  v.  26,  p.  120-122. 

Snyder.  Can.  ent.,  1898,  v.  30,  p.  99-100. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  L903,  v.  3,  p.  422,  fig.  40;  29th  aim.  rept.  Dept.  geol.  and  nat. 
res.  Indiana  f.  1904,  1905,  p.  844,  fig.  36. 

Jarvis,  37th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  68,  pi.  V,  fig.  3. 
Eurosta  solidaginis  Brodie,  Can.  ent.,  1892,  v.  24,  p.  137-139* 

Harrington,  Can.  ent.,  1895,  v.  27,  p.  197. 

A  solid,  globular,  monothalamous  gall  on  the  stem.  About  2  cm.  in 
diameter.  Round  larval  cell.  This  gall  is  frequently  found  in  winter 
broken  open,  usually  by  the  chickadee  {Partis  atrlcapillus  Linn.)  Insect, 
of  about  the  size  of  a  house-fly,  emerges  in  the  spring.  Very  common  on 
goldenrod,  Solidago. 

Undetermined  lepidopterous  gall.  Fig.  105. 

An  oval,  one-celled  gall  around  the  base  of  the  stem,  apparently 
lepidopterous.  Ridged  lengthwise.  About  three  times  the  diameter  of  the 
stem  and  25  mm.  long.  Rather  thin-walled  when  mature.  July.  On 
goldenrod,  Solidago. 

Gaorimoschema  gaUaesolidaginis  Riley.  Elliptical  goldenrod  gall. 

Gelechia  gaUaesolidaginis  Riley,  1st  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1869,  p.  173-178,  fig. 

Kellicott,  Can.  ent.,  1S78,  v.  10,  p.  201. 

Cook,  Ohio  nat.,  1903,  v.  3,  p.  422,  fig.  41;  1904,  v.  4,  p.  127,  Hk-  111. 

Jarvis,  37th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1906,  p.  65,  pi.  F,  fig.  2. 
Gnorimoschema  gaUaesolidaginis  Busck,  Proc.  I".  8.  nat.  mus.,  1900,  v.  23,  p.  227. 
Brodie,  Can.  ent.,  1909,  v.  41,  p.  7-8. 

An  elongated  stem-gall,  2-4  cm.  long.  Monothalamous.  Larval 
chamber  large.  Remains  over  winter  as  a  pupa,  and  in  spring  the  adult 
emerges  through  a  hole  made  by  the  larva.  On  goldenrods,  Solidago. 
Common . 

Eucosma  scudderiana  Clemens.     Scarred  soldenrod  sail. 

Hedya  scudderiana  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.,  1860,  p.  358. 

Euryptychia  saligneana  Clemens,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  1865,  v.5,  p. 141.    (Incorrectly  supposed 

the  moth  was  reared  from  a  willow  gall.) 
Grapholitha  saligneana  Packard,  Guide  study  ins.  1869,  p.  337. 

Riley,  2d  rept.  ins.  Mo.,  1870,  p.  134-135,  fig.  99. 
Paedisca  affusana  Zeller,  Verh.  Zool.-hot.  ges.  W'ien,  1S75,  v.  25,  p.  307. 
Paedisca  saligneana  Kellicott,  Can.  ent.,  1878,  v.  10,  p.  202. 
Paedisca  scudderiana  Kellicott,  Can.  ent.,  1882,  v.  14,  p.  161-163. 


52  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Eucosma  scuddi  riana  Dyar,  List  N.  A.  lepidopt.— Bull.  52,  U.  S.  nat.  mns.,  190-2,  p.  459. 
Jarvis,  :58th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  91,  pi.  C,  flg.  7. 
Brodie,  Can.  ent.,  1909,  v.  41,  p.  73-74. 

A  monothalamous  stem-gall,  scarred  with  brown  furrows  on  the  outside. 
The  larval  cavity  fills  the  inside,  and  sometimes  reaches  into  the  stem-pith 
above  and  below.  Not  as  common  as  the  two  larger  stem-galls  of  the 
golden-rod.     On  goldenrods,  Solidago. 

Solidago  rugosa. 

Oedaspis  polita  Loew.     Goldenrod  gall. 

Trypeta  polita  Loew.  Mon.  dipt.  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  1,  p.  77,  pi.  ■-',  fig.  12. 

Osten  Sacken,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  I869j  v.  2,  p.  301-302. 

Bentenniuller,  Bull.  Amer.  thus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  -.'74:   Ins.  galls  vicin. 

N.  T.,  1904,  p.  33-84,  fig. 
Jarvis,  38th  ann.  rept.  Ent.  SOC.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  88. 

A  monotbalamous  gall,  consisting  of  undeveloped  leaves  of  side  bud, 
massed  together.  About  15  mm.  long.  Usually  several  galls  are  grouped. 
Common  on  goldenrod,  Solidago  rugosa. 

Lasioptera  tumifica  Beutenmuller.  Fig.  107. 

Lasioptera  tumifica  Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  nms.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v.  23,  p.  394,  pi.  14.  fig.  1-4. 
Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  Y.  f.  1907, 1908,  p.  321,327  ;  <  >ttawa  nat.,  1909,  v.  22,  p.249. 

This  is  an  irregular,  rounded  or  kidney-shaped  gall  at  the  base  of  the 
stem.  Sometimes  at  one  side  of  the  stem,  sometimes  encircling  it. 
Leathery  outside,  pithy  within.  Many  celled,  with  orange-colored  larvae. 
About  10  by  15  mm.,  although  varying  considerably  in  size.  When  young 
green,  becoming  brown.     On  goldenrod,  Solidago  rvgosa. 

Solidago  juncea. 
Eurosta  reticulata  Snow.  Fig.  106. 

Ewrosta  reticulata  Snow,  Ivans,  nniv.  quart.,  1894,  v.  •-',  p.  170,  pi.  7,  fig.  6. 
Thompson.  Psyche,  1907,  v.  14,  p.  71-72,  fig.  1. 
An  ovate,  monotbalamous  gall  growing  on  the  underground  stem.     It 
is  evidently  a  deformed  bud.    About  3  cm.  long,  1  cm.  wide.     Overlapping 
scales  show  some  green.     Walls  fleshy,  rather  thick.     The  insect  emerges 
from  the  tip  in  May  or  June.      Galls  found  in  the  fall.     Common.      On 
goldenrod,  Solidago  jmtcea. 
Rhopalomyia   fhirtipes  Osten  Sacken.  Fig.  101. 

Cecidomyia  hirtipes  Osten  Sacken,  Mon.  dipt.,  N.  A.,  1862,  pt.  I,  p.  195. 

Dasy.neura  hirtipes  Aldrich,  Catal.  X.  A.  <lipt.,  1905,  p.  155. 

Rhopalomyia  hirtipes  Pelt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  V.  t.  L907,  1908,  p.  358,  363,  pi.  34,  lit;-.  6. 

An  irregularly  oval,  fleshy  gall,  attached  to  stems  underground.  Light 
brown  with  rough,  darker  spots.  1-2  cm.  in  either  diameter.  Shrivelled 
quickly.  Very  abundant  on  goldenrod,  Solidago  juncea.  July.  The  in- 
sects reared  from  these  galls  agree  so  closely  with  Rhopalomyia  hirtipes 
O.  S.  as  to  seem  identical,  but  the  typical  gall  of  that  species  is  so  dissim- 
ilar as  to  make  their  identity  doubtful. 

Solidago  canadensis. 
Asphondylia  monacha  Osten  Sacken.    Goldenrod  terminal  gall.    Fig.  103. 
A.splwndylia  monacha  Osten  Sacken,  Trans.  Amer. ent.  soc,  1869,  v.  2.  pi 299-301;  1871.  v.8,p.847. 
Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus,  nat.  hist.,  L892,  v.  4.  p.  273. 


Insect  Galls.  53 

Jarvis,  .'Ssth  ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  L907,  p.  s". 

Felt,  23d  rept.  ins.  \.  V.  I.  L907,  1908,  p.  374,  375,  376,  pi.  36,  flg.  8-9;  Ottawa 
aat.,  1909,  v.  ■!>,  p.  246,  247,  '-Ms. 

This  is  a  conical  gall  on  the  tip  of  the  stem,  1-2  cm.  Long.  There  are 
many  leaves,  with  thickened  buses,  clustered  together.  The  Larvae, 
yellowish  or  orange,  live  between  the  bases  of  the  leaves.  (  )n  goldenrod, 
Solidago  canadensis.     Common. 

Baldratia  Jlavolunata  Felt.     Lunate  marginal  gall.  Fig.  102. 

Choristoneura  flavoluiiata  Kelt,  22d  rept.  bis.  N.  Y.  f.  Hint;,  1:107,  p.  154-165, 

Jarvis,  38th  aim .  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario,  1907,  p.  88,  pi.  A,  fig.  1;. 
Baldratia  Jlavolunata  Pelt,  23d  rept.  ins.  N.  V.  f.  1907,  l90K,p.321, 330;  Ottawa  aat.,  L909,  v.  22,  p.248. 

This  blister-like  gall  projects  equally  from  the  two  sides  of  the  leaf. 
4-8  mm.  in  diameter.  Smooth.  The  central  portion  yellow  surrounded 
by  a  ring,  which  is  usually  dark  violet,  sometimes  black.  Monothalamous. 
On  goldenrod,  Solidago  canadensis.     June. 

Euthamia  graminifolia. 
Cecidomyia?  evthamiae,   n.  s. 

A  curved,  fusiform,  striate  gall  found  usually  among  the  flower  heads, 
infrequently  in  the  axils  of  the  upper  leaves  or  branchlets.  Deep  violet- 
red,  a  few  showing  some  green.  Stem  1  cm.  ;  gall  10-13  mm.  long,  1  mm. 
wide.  Thin-walled,  one-celled.  Rather  common  about  Springfield,  Mass. 
on  fragrant  goldenrod,  Euthamia  graminifolia.  August  to  September. 
Very  abundant  at  Southport,  Maine. 

Aster. 
Lasioptera  asterifoliae  Beutenmuller. 

Lasioptera  asterifoliae  Beutenmiiller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1907,  v. -2.'!,  p. 395,  pi.  14,  fig.  1."). 
A  circular,  blister-like  gall,  showing  about  equally  on  the  two  sides  of 
the  leaf.  Monothalamous.  3-4  mm.  in  diameter.  Black  surrounded  by 
a  red  ring,  a  few  with  black  dot  at  center  with  red  ring,  then  a  black  ring, 
then  a  red  ring,  the  surrounding  portions  of  the  leaf  a  very  deep  red  ;  color 
beneath  similar  but  lighter.  Larva  white  or  very  light  yellow  ;  full-grown, 
Oct.  17.     Several  on  each  leaf  of  aster,  Aster,     Mt.  Tom,  Mass. 

Aster  ericoides. 
Cecidomyia?  gemmaria,  n.  s.  Fig.  110. 

The  deformed  bud  of  an  aster  constitutes  this  gall.  It  is  one-celled, 
ovate,  pointed  and  in  some  cases  mucronate,  green  with  a  dense  white 
pubescence.  Length  4-7  mm.,  width  3-5  mm.  Walls  of  the  conical  cell 
1  mm.  thick.  Abundant  on  Aster  ericoides.  Collected  by  Dr.  Geo. 
Dimmock,  Aug.  and  Sept.  1908.  Found  in  October  in  great  abundance 
when  it  had  turned  dark  gray. 

Cecidomyia?  strobili gemma  n.  s.  Fig.  111. 

This  ovate  gall  is  the  result  of  the  arrest  of  development  of  a  side 
branch  near  the  top  of  the  stem.  One  to  several  may  be  found  on  one 
plant.  The  leaves  are  closely  lapped  over  the  one  cell.  Green.  8-10  mm. 
long,  6-8  mm.  wide.      On  white  heath  aster,  Aster  ericoides.     September. 


54  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Aster  dumoBus. 
Vecidomyia  ?  ramsysoula  Beutenmuller. 

Ceeidomyiaf  ramuscula  Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  19t)7,  v.  23,  p.  392,  pi.  17,  tig. 
7-9. 

"  This  is  a  fusiform  swelling  on  the  branches  of  Asters,  Aster  dumosus 
and  A.  patens.  Inside  is  an  elongate,  narrow  chamber  inhabited  by  a 
single  larva,  which  remains  in  the  gall  to  pupate.  10-20  mm.  by  5-8  mm. 
N.  C.     Adult  unknown." 

Aster  patens. 
Cecidomyia?  ramuscula  Beutenmuller.     See  above. 

Rudbeckia  laciniata. 
Asphondylia  conspicua  Osten  Sacken.  Fig.  112. 

Asphondylia  rudbecbiae-conspicua,  Osten  Sackeu,  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1870.  v.  3,  p.  r>l-52. 

Beutenmuller,  Bull.  Amer.  mus.  nat.  hist.,  1892,  v.  4,  p.  272; 
1907,  v.  23,  p.  387,  pi.  16,  fig.  6. 

A  very  irregularly  spherical  fleshy  gall  found  on  flower  heads  of  golden 
glow,  Rudbeckia  laciniata,  in  late  summer.  Green.  Varying  in  size,  1-4 
cm.  in  diameter. 


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'92.     American  phytoptocecidii.     Psyche,  v.  6,  p.  241-246,  pi.  6. 

Gillette,  C.  P. 

'89.     Notes  on  certain    cynipidae    with   descriptions    of    new    species. 

Psyche,  v.  5,  p.  183-188,  214-221,  6  fig. 
'91.     Descriptions  of  new  cynipidae  in  the  collection  of  the  Illinois  state 

laboratory  of  natural  history.     Bull.  111.  state  lab.  nat.  hist.,  v.  3,  p 

191-206,  pi.  9. 


58  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

'02.     Notes  on  some  Colorado  insects.     Bull.  31,  Div.  ent.,  U.  S.  Dept. 
agr.,  p.  51-55. 
Hagen,  Hermann  A. 

'85.     The  collection  of  pliytoptocecidia,  or  mite  galls,  in  the  Cambridge 

museum.      Can.  ent.,  v.  17,  p.  21-29. 
'86.     On  cecidomyia  Kriodendri.     Can.  ent.,  v.  18,  p.  159. 
Harrington,  W.  Hague 

'95.     Occupants  of  the  galls  of  eurosta  solidaginis,   Fitch.     Can.  ent., 
v.  27,  p.  197-198. 
Harris,  T.  W. 

'  1 1-'62.  A  report  on  the  insects  of  Massachusetts,  injurious  to  vegeta- 
tion .  .  .  Cambridge,  Mass.  8  -+-  459  p.  (Under  slightly  different 
titles  are  cited  the  reprint  of  1842,  the  revised  reprint  of  1852,  and 
the  illustrated  Flint  edition  of  1862.) 

Henry,  W.  A. 

'80.  Poplar  stem  gall-lice  fed  on  by  squirrels.  Amer.  ent.,  v.  3  (s.  2, 
v.  1),  p.  205-206,  fig.  110. 

Hooker,  C.  W,     See  Russell,  H.  M.,  and  C.  W.  Hooker.      '08. 

Houard,  C. 

'08.     Les  zoocecidies  des  plantes  d'Europe  et  du  bassin  de  la  Mediter- 
ranee.     T.  1.      569  p.     *24  fig. 
Howard,  L.  O.      (See  also  Riley,  C.  V.     '93) 

'<S2.     Alternate  generation  in  cynipidae.     Psyche,  v.  3,  p.  328-329. 

.larvis,  Tennyson  D. 

'07.      Insect  galls  of  Ontario.       37th  ami.   rept.   Ent.   soc.   Ontario  f. 

L906,  p.  56-72,  pi.  A-F. 
'08.      Additional  galls  of  Ontario.      38th  aim.  rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario  f. 
1907,  p.  85-94,  pi.  A- 1). 
Kellicott,  1).  S. 

'78.      A  new  gall  moth  and  notes  on  larvae  of  other  gall  moths.      Can. 

ent.,  v.  10,  p.  201-204. 
'82.      Is paedisca  scudderiana  a  gall-maker?   Can.  ent.,  v.  14,  p.161-163. 
Kieffer,  .1.  3. 

'oi.     Synopsis  des  zoocecidies  d'Europe.      Ann.  Soc.  ent.   France,  v. 
70.  p.  2:»:)-:>79. 
LeBaron,  \V. 

'7.">.      Third  annual  report  on  the  noxious  insects  of  the  state  of  Illinois. 
(Report  to  the  General  assembly,  v.   I.)     Separate,  p.  167-202  +  p. 
l-.">7,  7  fig. 
von  Liiine,  ( !arl. 

1767.      Systcina  naturae  .  .  .  ed.   12.  v.  2,  p.  553-1327. 


Insect  Galls.  59 

Lintner,  .J.  A. 

'88-'97.  Reports  on  the  injurious  and  other  insects  of  the  state  of 
New  York. 

Fourth  rept.  published  L888,  238  p.     67.  fig. 
Ninth  rept.  f.  1892,  1893,  494  p.,  .".1  fig.  and  1  pi. 
Twelfth  rept.  1896,  1897,  399  p.,  10  fig.  and  15  pi. 

Loew,  Hermann. 

'62.     Monographs  of  the  diptera  of  North  America.     Prepared  for  tin- 
Smithsonian   Institution.       By  H.   Loew.       Part  I.       Edited  by  R. 
Ostensacken.      246  p.,  3  fig.  and  2  pi.      (Smithsonian  misc.  coll..  v. 
6,  no.  141.) 
Macquart,  Jean. 

'43.  Dipteres  exotkpies  ou  pen  connus.  Mem.  Soc.  sci.  Lille,  1N42, 
p.  162-460,  30  pi.      Separate,  1843,  v.  3,  304  p.,  3G  pi. 

Monell,  Joseph.      (See  also  Riley,  C.  V.     '79.) 

'77.  A  new  genus  of  aphidae.  Can.  ent.,  v.  9,  p.  102-103.  Reprint, 
Valley  naturalist,  1878,  v.  1,  p.  2. 

Murtfeldt,  Mary  E. 

'(J4.      Acorn  insects,  primary  and  secondary.      Insect  life,  v.  6,  p.  318- 
324. 
Norton,  Edward. 

'67-'69.  Catalogue  of  the  described  leiithredinidae  and  uroceridae  of 
North  America.  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  1867,  v.  1,  p.  ;>  1  _.S4 ,  193- 
280;    1868,  v.  2,  p.  211-242;    1869,  v.  2,  p.  321-368. 

Oestlund,  ().  \V. 

'87.  Synopsis  of  the  aphididae  of  Minnesota.  Bull.  4.  Geol.  and  nat. 
hist.  surv.  Minn.      4  +   100  p. 

Osten  Sack  en,  C.  R. 

'61.     Ueber   die    gallen    und    andere    durch    insecten    hervorgebrachte 

pflanzendeformation  in  Nord  America.      Stett.   ent.   zeitung,   1x1.  22. 

p.  405-423. 
'61.      On  the  cynipidae   of  the   North   American  oaks   and   their   galls. 

Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.  v.  1,  p.  47-72. 
'62.     On  the  North  American  cecidomyidae.      In    Loew's   Mon.   dipt. 

N.  A.,  pt.  1,  p.  173-205,  pi.  and  several  fig.      (See  Loew.) 
'62.     Additions  and  corrections  to  the  paper  entitled  :  "On  the  cynipidae 

of  the  North  American  oaks  and  their  galls."     Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.. 

v.  1,  p.  241-259. 
'63.     Contributions  to  the  natural  history  of  the  cynipidae  of  the  United 

States  and  of  their  galls.      Article  3rd,  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  v.  2.  p. 

33-49. 


60  Bulletin  '2:     Springfield  Museum. 

'65.     Contributions  to  the  natural  history  of  the  cynipidae  of  the  United 

States  and  of  their  galls.     Article  4th.       Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  v.  4, 

p.  331-380. 
'70.     Contributions  to  the  natural  history  of  the  cynipidae  of  the  United 

States  and  their  galls. — (Article  5th).     Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  v.  3, 

p.  54-64. 
'66.     Two  new  North  American  cecidomyidae.      Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil., 

v.  6,  p.  219-220. 
'69.      Biological  notes  on  diptera.     (Galls  on  solidago.)     Trans.  Amer. 

ent.  soc,  v.  2,  p.  299-303. 
'70..      Biological  notes  on  diptera. — (Article  2nd.)      Trans.  Amer.  ent. 

soc,  v.  3,  p.  51-54. 
'71.      Biological  notes  on  diptera,   (Article  3d).       Trans.  Amer.  ent. 

soc,  v.  3,  p.  345-347. 
'75.     Three  new  galls  of  cecidomyiae.     Can.  ent.,  v.  7,  p.  201-202. 

Packard,  A.  S. 

'69.     Guide  to  the  study  of  insects.  .  .  Salem,  Mass.,  1869,  8  +  702  p., 

11  pi.,  650  wood  cuts. 
'78.      Insects  affecting  the  cranberry,  with  remarks  on  other  injurious 

insects.     Tenth  ami.  rept.  U.  S.  geog.  and  geol.  surv.  terr.  f.  1876, 

p.  521-531,  fig. 
'81.      Insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees.     Bull.   7,   U.   S.  ent. 

conim.,  275  p.,  100  fig.      (Superseded  by  the  next.) 
'90.      Fifth  report  of  the  United  States  entomological  commission.  .  .  . 

on  insects  injurious  to  forest  and  shade  trees.      Washington,    1890. 

8  +  957  p.,  38  pi.  and  many  wood-cuts. 
Pe rga nde,  Theodore . 

'01.     The  life  history  of  two  species  of  plant-lice  inhabiting  both  the 

witch-hazel  and  birch.       Bull.  9,  tech.  series,  Div.  ent.,   U.  S.  dept. 

agr.,  44  p.      il. 
'04.     North  American  phylloxerinae  affecting  hicoria  (carya)  and  other 

trees.      Proc.  Davenport  acad.  nat.  sci.,  v.  9,  p.  185-271,  21  pi. 

Reed,  E.  B. 

'X'2.      Diptera. — Two-winged  Hies.      L3th   ann.  rept.  Ent.  soc  Ontario, 
p.   15-53,  fig.  1 7-51. 

Riley.  C.  V.      (See  also  Walsh,  B.  I).,  and  C.  V.  Riley.) 

'69-'76.      Annual  reports  on  the  noxious,  beneficial,  and  other  insects  of 
the  state  of  Missouri.      (Ann.  rept.  Mo.  state  board  of  agr.) 
First  rept.  f.  1868,  L869,  180  p.     2  pi.  and  98  fig. 
Second  rept.  f.  1869,  L870,  L36  p..  '.»!)  fig. 
Third  rept.  f.  1870,  L871,  176  -f-  7  p.,  73  fig. 


Insect  Galls.  <>1 

Fourth  rept.  f.  1871,  1872,  146  +  6  p.,  66  fig. 
Fifth  rept.  f.  1872,  L873,  160  +  8  p.,  75  fig. 
Sixth  rept.  f.  1873,  1874,  169  +  12  p.,  55  fig. 
Seventh  rept.  f.  1874,   1875,  7  +  196  +  4  p.,  40  fig. 
Eighth  rept,  f.  1875,  1876,  185  +  4  p.,  55  fig. 
'70.      Pithy  blackberry  gull.      Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  159-160,  fig.  103. 
'70.     The  pod-like  willow  gall.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  214,  fig.  133. 
'70.     Prickly  rose  gall.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  246. 
'70.      Prickly  rose  gall.      Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  309,  fig.  192. 
'70.     Mite  gall  on  sugar  maple.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  339. 
'73.     Controlling  sex  in  butterflies.     Amer.  nat.,  v.  7,  p.  513-521. 
'76.     (Tall-insects.     Johnson's  new  universal  cyclopaedia,  v.  2,  p.  412- 

416,  16  tig. 
'79.     The  nervous  system  and  salivary  glands  of  phylloxera.     Psyche, 

v.  2,  p.  225-226. 
'79.     Biological  notes  on  the  gall-making  pemphiginae.       Proc.   Amer. 

assoc.  advanc.  sci.  f.  1878,  v.  27,  288-289. 
'79.      (With  Joseph  Monell.)      Notes  on  the  aphididae  of  the  United 

States,  with  descriptions  of  species  occurring  west  of  the  Mississippi. 

Bull.  U.  S.  geol.  and  geog.  surv.  terr.,  v.  5,  p.  1-32,  2  pi. 
'80.     Gall  on  solidago  leaves.      Amer.  ent,,  v.  3  (s.  2,  v.  1),  p.  278. 
'84.     Notes  on  North  American  psyllidae.      Proc.  Biol.  soc.  Wash.,  v. 

2,  p.  67-79. 
'90.      Insects  injurious  to  the  hackberry.       5th  rept.  U.  S.  ent.  comm., 

p.  601-622,  fig,  196-203. 
'93.      (With  L.  O.  Howard.)     The  stony  acorn  gall.     Insect  life,  v.  5, 

p.  196 

Kohwer,  S.  A. 

'09.  The  sawrly  genus  crytocampus  in  boreal  North  America.  Journ. 
N.  Y.  ent.  soc,  v.  17,  p.  7-25.      (On  cryptocampus.) 

Russell,  H.  M.,  and  C.  W.  Hooker. 

'08.     A  new  cecidomyid  on  oak.     Ent.  news,  v.  19,  p.  349-352,  pi. 14. 

Saunders,  William. 

'82.     The  grape  phylloxera — phylloxera  vastatrix.     Can.  ent.,  v.  14,  p. 

121-128,  fig.  14-19. 
'88.     Insects  injurious  to  fruit.     Philadelphia,  1883.     436  p.     440  fig. 

Say,  Thomas. 

'23-24.  Descriptions  of  coleopterous  insects  collected  in  the  expedition 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  Journ.  Acad.  nat.  sci.  Phil.,  1823,  v.  3,  p. 
139-216,  238-282,   298-331,  403-462;   1824,  v.  4,  p.  83-99. 


3SA1 


(52  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

'2'.»-'30.  Description  of  North  American  dipterous  insects.  Journ. 
Acad.  nat.  sei.  Phil.,  v.  6,  p.  14  9-1  7<s.  183-188. 

Shinier,  Henry. 

'67.     On  a  new  genus  of  aphidae.       Trans.  Amer.   ent.   soc,  v.  1,    p. 

283-285. 
'69.     Descriptions  of  two  acarians  bred  from  the   white   maple   (acer 

dasycarpum).     Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  v.  2,  p.  319  020. 

'69.  A  summer's  study  of  hickory  galls,  with  descriptions  of  supposed 
new  insects  bred  therefrom.  Trans.  Amer.  ent.  soc,  v.  2,  p.  386- 
398. 

Smith,  John  B. 

'ill.      Notes  on  blackberry  borers  and  gall  makers.     Insect  life,  v.  4,  p. 

27-30. 
'96.     Economic  entomology  .  .  .  Philadelphia,  1896.      481  p.      4<s3  tig. 

Snow,  William. 

'94.  Descriptions  of  North  American  trypetidae.  Kans.  univ.  quart., 
v.  2,  p.  159-174,  2  pi. 

Snyder,  Mrs.  A.  J. 

'98.      Trypeta  solidaginis.     Can.  ent.,  v.  30,  p.  99-100. 

Thomas,  Cyrus. 

'7'.».  Eighth  report  of  the  state  entomologist  on  the  noxious  and  bene- 
ficial insects  of  the  state  of  Illinois. — Third  annual  report  by  Cyrus 
Thomas.  Trans.  Dept.  agr.  111.  f.  l«7<s,  n.  s.,  v.  8,  212  +  10  p. 
46  fig. 

Thompson,  Millett  T. 

'07.  Three  galls  made  by  cyclorrhaphous  flies.  Psyche,  v.  14,  p.  71- 
74,  fig.  1-3. 

Townsend,  C.  H.  T. 

'93.  Notes  on  certain  cecidomyiidous  galls  on  fortius.  Proc  Ent.  soc 
Wash.,  v.  2,  p.  390. 

'95.     Prickly  leaf-gall  of  rhodites  tumidus  on  rosa  fendleH.     Psyche,  v. 

7,  p.  272-27:;. 
'95.     Rhodites  tumidus.     Psyche,  v.  7,  p.  .">i>7. 

Trelease,  William. 

'•si.  Notes  on  the  relations  of  two  cecidomyians  to  fungi.  Psyche,  v. 
4,  p.  195-200. 

Walsh,  P».  1). 

'1)2.  On  the  genera  of  <t/>/ii<l<i<>  found  in  the  United  States.  Proc.  Ent. 
soc  Phil.,  v.  l,  p.  29-1-3  1  1.  s  fig.' 


Ixskct  Galls.  <>.". 

'64.  On  dimorphism  in  the  hymenopterous  genus  cynips;  with  an  ap- 
pendix, containing  hints  for  a  new  classification  of  cynipidae  and  a 
list  of  cynipidae,  including  descriptions  of  several  new  species  inhab- 
iting the  o:ik  galls  of  Illinois.  Proc.  Ent.  soc.  Phil.,  v.  2,  p.  443-500, 
6  fig. 

'64.  On  phytophagic  varieties  and  phytophagic  species.  Proc.  Ent. 
soc.  Phil.,  v.  3,  p.  403-430. 

'64-'67.  On  the  insects,  coleopterous,  hymenopterous  and  dipterous. 
inhabiting  the  gulls  of  certain  species  of  willow.  Proc.  Ent.  soc. 
Phil.,  1864,  v.  3,  p.  543-644;   1866-1867,  v.  6,  p.  223-288,  2  fig. 

'66.      [Galls.]      Pract.  Ent.,  v.  1,  p.  114. 

'67.      [Galls  on  blackberry.]     Pract.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  83-84. 

'67.      [Notes  on  insect  galls.]      Pract.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  102-103. 

'68.  First  annual  report  on  the  noxious  insects  of  the  state  of  Illinois. 
Trans.  111.  state  hort.  soc.  f.  1867,  n.  s.,  v.  1,  Appendix.  103  p., 
fig.  1-3. 

'("•'.I.      Mr.  Couper's  thorn-leaf  gall.      Can.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  79-80. 

'70.  On  the  group  eurytomides  of  the  hymenopterous  family  chalcididae  : 
.  .  .  Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  297-301,  329-335,  367-370,  fig.  1-10. 

Walsh,  B.  D.,  and  C.  V.  Riley. 

'68.     Unsightly  galls  on  the  Cottonwood.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  57. 
'69-'70.     Galls  and  their  architects.     Amer.  ent.,  1869,  v.  1,  p.    101- 
110,  fig.  78-90;  v.  2,  p.  45-50,  iig.  30-32  ;    1870,  v.  2,  p.  70-74,  fig. 
45-47;  p.  103-106,  fig.  68-71. 
'69.     Fuzzy  galls  on  blackberry  twigs.      Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  188. 
'6!).     Hickory-stem  gall-louse.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  227. 
'6'.).     Cottonwood  leaf -galls.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  245. 
'69.      Large  compound  gall  on  grape-vine.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  247. 
'69.     Grape-vine  leaf-gall.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  248,  fig.  184. 
'69.      Miscellaneous.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  249. 
'69.     Wooly  gall  on  white  oak.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  1,  p.  250,  fig.  187. 
'69.     Oak-leaf  gall.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  29. 
'69.     Grape-vine  leaf-galls.     Amer.  ent.,  v.  2,  p.  61. 
'69.     Gall  on  spotted  touch-me-not.     Amer.  ent.,    v.  2,  p.  63,  fig.  42. 

Walsingham,  Lord. 

'07.  Descriptions  of  new  North  American  tineid  moths,  with  a  generic 
table  of  the  family  blastobasidae .     Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mus.,  v.   33,   p. 

197-228. 


64  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Wiedemann,  C.  R.  W. 
Aussereuropiiische  zweifliiglicbe  insecten,  als  fortsetzung  des  Meigenschen 
werkes.     Hamm,  1830,  v.  2,  12  +  684  p.     5  pi. 

Williams,  Joseph 

'77     On  grape  vine  galls.      Ann.   rept.  Ent.  soc.  Ontario  f.   1877,  p. 
48-51,  fig-  37-41. 

Zeller,  P.  C. 

'75.     Beitriige  zur  kenntniss  nordaraerikanischen   nachtfalter.      Verh. 
Zool.-bot.  ges.  Wien,  v.  25,  p.  207-354,  pi.  8-10. 


PLATE    1. 

Fig.  I.  Adelges  abietis,  black  spruce. 

—  2.  Mecas  inoritata,  aspen. 

—  3.  Pemphigus?  rileyi,  aspen. 

—  4.  Rhabdophaya  gnaphalioides,  willow 

{  66  > 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY  BULLETIN    2.     PL.  1 


4  3 

PlCEA,   POPULUS,  SALIX. 


PLATE    ■>. 

Fig.  5.  Rhabdophaga  strobiloides,  willow. 

—  6.  Rhabdophaga  brassicoides,  willow. 

—  7.  Rhabdophaga,  batatas,  willows.      Exterior  and  section. 

—  8.  Eriophes  aenigma,  willow. 


(  68) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2       PL.  2 


Salix. 


PLATE    3. 

Fig.   9.  Mayetiola  rigirtae,  willow. 

—  10.  Cryptocampus  cooperae,  willow.     Section. 

—  11.  Cryptocampus  cooperae,  willow. 

—  12.  Euura  ovum,  willow. 

- —  13.     Cecidomyia  caryaecola,  hickory. 

(70) 


r 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  3 


10 


11 


12 


13 


Salix,  Hicoria. 


PLATE    4. 

Fig.  14.     Cecidomyia?  squamulicola,  hazelnut. 

—  15.     Eriophyes  betulae,  yellow  birch. 

—  16.     Dasyneura  serrvlatae,   alder. 

(72) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  4 


14 


lf> 


15 


Corylus,  Betula,  Alnus. 


PLATE    5. 

Fig.  17.  Eriophyes  dentatae,  chestnut. 

—  18.  Cecidomyia?  castaneae,  chestnut. 

— 10-20.  Sections  of  Amphibolips  tinctoriae,  scarlet  oak.      1.9  X 

—  21.  Section  of  Cynips'f  obovata,  scarlet  oak.     1.9  X 
22.  Section  of  Cynipsf  aspera,  scrub  oak.      1.9  X 

—  23.  Amphibolips  nubilipennis,  black  oak. 


(7-1) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.    PL.  5 


18 


19 


20 


23 


21 


22 
Castanea,  Quercus. 


PLATE    6. 

Fig.  24.      Cynips?  constricta,  red  oak. 
-    25.     Dryophanta  lanata,  red  oak. 


(76) 


SPRINGFIELD   MUSEUM   OF   NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN  2.     PL.  6 


24 


PLATE    7. 

Fig.  26-2D.  Amphibolips  coelebs,  scarlet  oak. 

—  26.  Ordinary  size,  on  midrib. 

—  27.  Ordinary  size,  at  end  of  vein. 

—  28.  Unusual  size. 

—  29.  Opened  to  show  larval  cell  and  radiating  fibers. 


(78) 


SPRINGFIELD   MUSEUM   OF   NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN   2.     PL.  7 


26 


28 


29 


QUERCUS. 


PLATE    8. 

Fig.  30.     Cecldomyia  foliora,  scarlet  oak. 
—    31.     AmpJiibolips  tinctoriae,  scarlet  oak. 

(80) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  8 


30 


31 

QUERCUS. 


PLATE    9. 

Fig.  32.     Cecidomyia  majalis,  scarlet  oak. 

—  33.     Section  of  acorn  to  show  Callirhytis  fruticola,  scarlet  oak. 

—  34.     Andricus?  gallaestriatae,  scarlet  oak. 


(  82  ) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  9 


32 


33 


:;i 


Quercus. 


PLATE    10. 


Fig.  35.     Cynips?  obovafa,  scarlet  oak. 

—  36.     Cecidomyia  pustuloidets,  Mack  oak. 

—  37.      Callirliytis  palustris,  amenta  of  scrub  oak. 

of  pin  oak  and  of  scarlet  oak. 


Also  found  on   leaves 


(84) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  10 


35 


36 


QUERCUS 


37 


PLATE    11. 

Fig.  38-40.     Amphibolips  primus,    scrub  oak.      Shows  that  the  larger  the 
gall  the  less  the  development  of  the  acorn. 

—   41.      Cynips?  cristata,   scrub  oak. 


(  86  ) 


SPRINGFIELD   MUSEUM   OF   NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN   2.     PL     11 


38 


39 


40 


41 


QUERCUS. 


PLATE    12. 

Fig.  42.      Cynips?  aspera,   scrub  oak. 

—  4o.     Holcaspia  fasciata,  scrub  oak. 

—  44.     Amphibolips  ilicifoliae,   scrub  oak. 

(88) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.      PL.  12 


42 


4:5 


J  4 


QUERCUS. 


PLATE    13. 

Fig.  45.      CalUrhytis  similis,  scrub  oak. 

—    46.     Apparently  Andncus  flocci,    scrub  oak.       Usually  occurs  on 
white  oak. 


(90) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.    PL.  13 


L5 


46 

QUERCUS. 


PLATE    14. 

Fig.  47-4*.     CalUrJiylis  operator,  scrub  oak. 

—  47.     Spring  form  on  aments. 

—  4<S.     Fall  form  in  cup  of  acorn. 

Fio-.  49-50.     Andricus  ventricosus,   scrub  oak. 

—  49.     Typical  shape. 

—  50.      Typical  arrangement. 

(  92  ) 


SPRINGFIELD   MUSEUM   OF   NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN   2.     PL.    14 


50 


48 


QUERCUS. 


PLATE    15. 

Fig.  51.     JSfeuroterus  exiguissimus,  white  oak. 
—    52.     Eriophyes  querci,  chestnut  oak. 

(94) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  15 


.".1 


52 

QUERCUS. 


PLATE    16. 

Fig.  53.  Holcaspis  duricoria,  swamp  white  oak. 

—  54.  Cynips  decichia,  red  oak. 

—  55.  Andricus  petiolicola,  dwarf  chestnut  oak. 

—  56.  Holcaspis  rugosa,  dwarf  chestnut  oak. 

(96) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  16 


55 


QUERCUS. 


56 


PLATE   17. 

Fig.  57.     Cynips  frondosa,  dwarf  chestnut  oak. 

—  58.      Cynips  caducus,  dwarf  chestnut  oak. 

—  59.     Cynips prinoides,  dwarf  chestnut  oak. 

(  98 ) 


SPRINGFIELD   MUSEUM   OF   NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN   2.     PL.   17 


58 


59 


QUERCUS 


PLATE  18. 

Fig.  60.  Pemphigus  fusus,  slippery  elm. 

—  61.  Eriophyes  ulmi,  elm. 

—  62.  fDasyneura  clematidis,  clematis. 

—  63.  Myzus  ribis,  currant. 

(  100  ) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.  PL.  11 


60 


CI 


PLATE  19. 

Fig.   64.     Cecidomyia  salicifoliae,  hardhack. 

—  65.     Lasioptera  farinosa,  blackberry. 

—  66.      Cecidomyia  ?  muscosa,  blackberry. 

(  102) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  19 


64 


65 


66 
Spiraea,  Rubus. 


PLATE    20. 

Fig.  67.  Diastrophus  nebulosus,  high  blackberry. 

—  68.  Diastrophus  cuscutaeformis,  blackberry. 

—  69.  Diastrophus  bassettii,  running  blackberry. 

—  70,  Diastrophus  bassettii,  running  swamp  blackberry. 

—  71-72.     Cecidomyia  ?  reniformis,  strawberry. 

—  71.  Ending  leaf  growth. 

—  72.  At  base  of  petiole. 

(104) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.    PL.  20 


RUBUS,   FRAGARIA 


PLATE  21. 

Fig.  73.  Rhodites  ignota,  rose. 

—  74.  Rhodites  verna,  rose. 

—  75.  Rhodites  sphaericus,  swamp  rose. 

—  76.  Rhodites  muUispinosus,  rose. 

—  77.  Rhodites  lenticularis,  rose. 

(106) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  21 


7:'» 


74 


76 


Rosa. 


PLATE  22. 

Fig.   78.     Eriophyes  amelanchieri,  shad-bush. 

—  79.     Cecidomyia?  venae,  thorn. 

—  80.     Cecidomyia  bedeguar,  thorn. 

(10S) 


SPRINGFIELD   MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 


BULLETIN  2.     PL.  22 


80 

Amelanchier,  Crataegus. 


PLATE  23. 

Fig.  81.  Cecidomyia?  racemi,  choke-cherry. 

—  82.  Contarinia  virginiana,  choke-cherry. 

—  83.  Cecidomyia?  crotalariae,  rattle-box. 

—  84.  Ecdytolopha  insiticiana ,  locust. 

(  HO) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  23 


83 

Prunus,  Crotalaria,  Robinia. 


PLATE  24. 

Fig.   85.      Cecidomyia  impatientis,  spotted  touch-me-not. 
—     86.     Lasioptera  impatientifolia,  spotted  touch-me-not. 

[112] 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY  BULLETIN    2.     PL.  24 


85 


86 
Impatiens. 


PLATE  25. 

Fig.  87.     Pemphigus  rhois,  smooth  sumac. 

—  88.     Eriophyes  rhois,  poison  ivy. 

—  89.     Schizomyia  pomum,   fox  grape.     Section  to  show    two 

"  stories  "  of  cells. 

—  90.     Schizomyia  coryloides,  frost  grape. 


(  114) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  25 


88 


89 


90 


Rhus,  Vitis. 


PLATE  26. 

Fig.  91.  Cecidomyia?  parlhenocissi,  woodbine. 

—  92.  Cecidomyia  semenioora,  arrow-leaved  violet. 

—  93.  Cecidomyia  vaccinii,  deerberry. 

—  94.  Lasioptera  convolouli,  hedge  bindweed. 

( 116  ) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.    PL.  26 


93 


91 


94 


92 


Parthenocissus,  Viola,  Polycodium,  Convolvulus. 


PLATE  27. 

Fig.  95-96.     Stagmatophora  sexnotella,  blue  curls. 

—  95.      In  summer. 

—  96.     In  winter;  typical  shape. 

—  97.     Neolmioptera  sambuci,  elder. 

(118) 


SPRINGFIELD  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 


BULLETIN  2.     PL.  27 


95 


'.16  97 

Trichostema,  Sambucus. 


PLATE    28. 

Fig.  98.     Cecidomyia  umbellicola,  elder. 
—     99.      Neolasioptera  perfoliata,  thorouglrwort. 

(  120) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.  28 


98 


09 


Sambucus,  Eupatorium. 


PLATE    29. 

Fig.   100.      Cecidomyia?  eupator (florae,  white  snake-root. 

—  101.     Rhopalomyia   fhirtipes,  goldenrod. 

—  102.     Baldratia  flavolunata,  goldenrod. 

( 12i> ) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.     PL.   29 


100 


101 


102 


EUPATORIUM,  SOLIDAGO 


PLATE    30. 

Fig.  103.  Aspliondylia.  moiiachu,  golden  rod. 

—  104:.  Rhopalomyia  an'huphila,  goldenroi 

—  105.  Undetermined  gall  from  goldenrod 

—  10(>.  Euroxta  re'icnlata,  2,olde«rod, 


(  124) 


SPRINGFIED    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL    HISTORY 


BULLETIN    2.      PL    30 


1  03 


104 


|, 

! 

■Eba: 

UL 

^v 

>^8 

*'r'         ..     4 

^mi 

■f'v^. 

ni 

wt^UT' 

■I 

105 


106 


SOLIDAGO. 


PLATE   31. 

Fig.  107.  Lasioptera  tumifica,  goldenrod. 

—  108.  Dasyneura  solidaginis,  goldenrod. 

—  109.  Rhopalomyia?  racemicola,  goldenrod. 

—  110.  Cecidomyia?  gemmaria,  heath  aster. 

( 126 ) 


SPRINGFIELD  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 


BULLETIN   2.     PL.  31 


107 


108 


109 


110 
Solidago  Aster. 


PLATE  32. 

Fig.   111.     Cecidomyia?  strobiligemma,  heath  aster, 
—     112.     Asphondylia  conspicua,  golden  glow. 


128) 


SPRINGFIELD    MUSEUM    OF    NATURAL   HISTORY  BULLETIN    2.     PL.  32 


111 


112 

Aster,  Rudbeckia. 


SYSTEMATIC  INDEX  OF  GALL-INSECTS. 

(This  index  will  also  serve  as  list  of  plants  inhabited  by  the  gall- 
insects  ;  the  figures  indicate  the  page  on  which  the  gall  is  described  or 
mentioned. ) 

GALL-PRODUCING   ACARINA. 

The  nomenclature  of  the  gall-mites  is,  as  far  possible,  in  accordance 
with  Bank's  Catalogue  of  the  Acarina,  or  mites,  of  the  United  States. 
(Proc.  U.  S.  nat.  mns.,  1907,  v.  32,  p.  595-625.)  They  all  belong  to 
the  family  Eriophyidae,  and  those  mentioned  below  to  the  genns  Eriophyes. 

Eriophyes 
abnormis  (Tilia  americana),  44-45. 
crnmena  ( Acer  saccharnm),  42. 
aenigma  (Salix),  10,  08. 

amelanchieri  (Amelanchier  canadensis),  39,  108. 
avellanae  (Corylns  americana),  15. 
betulae  (Betnla  lntea),  10,  72. 
coryli  (Corylns  americana),  15-16. 
dentatae  (Castanea  dentata),  16,  74. 
ferruginea  (Fagus  americana),  16. 
padi  (Primus),  40. 
quadripedes  (Acer  saccharum),  42. 

querci  (Quercus  nana,  (^.  alba,  Q.  prinus,  Q.  prinoides),  24,  94. 
rhois  (Rhus  radicans),  41,  114. 
rosea  (Acer  saccharum),  42. 
semen  ( Salix),    10. 
serotinae  (Primus  serotina),  40. 
spicati  (Acer  spicatum),  43. 
ulmi  (Ulmus  americana),  32,  100. 
viburni  (Viburnum  dentatum),  48. 

GALL-PRODVCING    IIEMIPTERA. 
APHIDIDAB. 

Myzus 
ribis  (Ribes  rubrum),  34,  100. 

Schizoneura 
americana  (Ulmus  americana),  32. 


132  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Colopha 
ulmicola  (Ulmus  americana),  32. 

Pemphigus 

fusus  (Ulmus  fulva),  33,  100. 
populicaulis  (Populus),  8. 
rhois  (Rhus  hirta,  R.  glabra),  41,  114. 
rileyi  (Populus  tremuloides) ,  9,  66. 
transversus  (Populus),  8. 
vagabundus  (Populus  deltoides),  9. 

Hamamelistes 

spinosus  (Hamamelis  virginiana),  16,  34. 

Hormaphis 

hamamelidis  (Hamamelis  virginiana),  34-35. 

Adelges 
abietis  (Picea  canadensis,  P.  mariana),  5,  8,  Gti. 

Phylloxera 
caryaecaulis  (Hicoria),  12-13. 
fallax  (Hieoria  alba),  14. 
fraxini  (Fraxinus  americana),  46. 
globuli  (Hicoria),  13. 
pilosula  (Hicoria  alba),  15. 
semen  (Hicoria  glabra),  15. 
caryaevenae  (Hicoria  alba),  14-15. 
vitifoliae  (Vitis),  4,  43. 

PSYLLIDAB. 
Pachypsylla 

cucurbita  (Celtis  occidentalis),  33. 
mamma  (Celtis  occidentalis),  33. 
vesieulum  (Celtis  occidentalis),  33. 

GALL-PRODUCING  COLEOPTERA. 

CERAMBYCIDAE. 
Mecas 
inornata  (Populus  grandidentata,  P.  tremuloides),  9,  66. 

GALL-PRODUCING  DIPTERA. 

AGROMYZIDAE. 

Agromyza 
simplex  (Populus  tremuloides,  9. 


sparsa  (Solidago),  50. 


Insect  Galls. 

TRYPETIDAE. 
Eutreta 

Eurosta 


comma  (Solidago),  50-51. 

reticulata  (Solidago  juDCea),  52,  124. 

solidaginis  (Solidago),  51. 

Oedaspis 
polita  (Solidago  rugosa),  52. 

CECIDOMYIDAE. 
Cecidomyia 

(Under  this  genus  are  arranged  many  species  which   have  been  de- 
scribed as  galls  only,  hence  their  assignment  to  the  genus  is  provisional.) 

bedeguar  (Crataegus),  39,  10s. 

bifolia  (Solidago),  49: 

caryaecola  (Hicoria),  13,  70. 

castaneae  (Castanea  dentata),  17,  74. 

celastri  (Celastrus  scandens),  41-42. 

citrina  (Tilia  americana),  45. 

crotalariae  (Crotalaria  sagittalis),  40,  110. 

erubescens,  see  foliora. 

eupatoriflorae  (Eupatorium  ageratoides),  49,  122. 

euthamiae  (Euthamia  gramini folia),  53. 

foliora  (Quercus  palustris,  Q.  coccinea,  Q.  velutina),  21,  SO. 

gem m aria  ( Aster  ericoides),  53,  126. 

impatientis  (Impatiens  biflora,  43,  112. 

inaequalis  (Diervilla  diervilla),  48. 

irregularis  (Populus  grandidentata),  9. 

lappa  (Spiraea  salicifolia),  35. 

majalis  (Quercus  rubra,  Q.  palustris,  Q.  coccinea,  Q.  velutina),  17-18,  82. 

muscosa  (Rubus  nigrobaccus),  35,  102. 

niveipila  (Quercus),  17. 

ocellaris  (Acer  rubrum),  42. 

parthenocissi  (Parthenocissus  quinquefolia),  44,  116. 

pellex  (Fraxinus  americana)  47. 

persicoides  (Hicoria),  13. 

poculum  (Quercus  alba),  27. 

potentillaecaulis  (Potentilla  canadensis),  37. 

pudibunda  (Carpinus  caroliniana),  15. 

pustuloides  (Quercus  coccinea,  Q.  velutina).  22,  84. 

racemi  (Prunus  virginiaua),  39-40,  110. 


134  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

ramuscula  ( Aster  dumosus,  A.  patens),  54. 

reniformis  (Fragaria  virginiana),  36,  104. 

salicifoliae  (Spiraea  salleifolia,  S.  tomentosa),  35,  102. 

sanguinolenta  (Hicoria),  13. 

semenivora  (Viola  cucullata,  V.  sagittata),  45,  116. 

serotinae  (Primus  serotma),  40. 

squamulicola  (Corylus  americana),  16,  72. 

strobiligemma  (Aster  ericoides),  53,  12.S. 

tuba  (Cornus  ainomum),  46. 

urnbellicola  (Sambucus  canadensis,  S.  pubens),  48,  120. 

vaccinii  (Polycodium  stamineum),  46,  116. 

venae  (Crataegus),  39,   108. 

verruca  (Salix),  10. 

verrucicola  (Tilia  americana),  45. 

Diplosis 
rigidae  (Pinus  rigida),  5,  7. 

Contarinia 

liriodendri  ( Liriodendron  tulipifera),  33. 

virginiana  (Primus  virginiana),  40,  110. 

Hormomyia 
caryae  (Hicoria  ovata),  14. 
holotricha  (Hicoria),  13-14. 
tubicola  (Hicoria),  14. 

Cincticornia 
pilulae  (Quercus  rubra),  18. 

Schizornyia 
coryloides  (Vitis  cordifolia),  44,  114. 
pomutn  (Vitis  labrusca),  44,  114. 

Asphondylia 
conspicua  (Rudbeckia  laciniata),  54,  128. 
monacha  (Solidago  canadensis),  52-53.  124. 

Mayetiola 
rigidae  (Salix),  10,  70. 

Rhopalomyia 
anthophila  (Solidago),  50,  124. 
?hirtipes  (Solidago  juncea),  52,  122. 
racemicola  (Solidago),  50,  126. 

Rhabdophaga 
batatas  (Salix,  11,  68. 

brassicoides  (Salix),  11,  68. 
gnaphalioides  (Salix),  11,  66. 
strobiloides  (Salix),    11,  68. 


Inski  -r   <  rALL8.  135 

Dasyneura 


clematidis  (Clematis  virginiana) ,  34,  100. 
serrulatae  (Alnus  rugosa),  16,  72. 
solidaginis  (Solidago),  50,  126. 

Neolasioptera 

perfoliata  (Eupatorium  perfoliatum) ,  49,  120. 
sambuci  (Sambucus  canadensis),  48,  118. 

Baldratia 
carbonifera  (Solidago),  50. 
flavolnnata  (Solidago  canadensis),  53,  122. 

Lasioptera 
asterifoliae  (Aster),  53. 
clavula  (Cornns  florida),  45-46. 

convolvuli  (Convolvulus  sepium,  C.  spithamaeus),  47,  lit"), 
corni  (Cornus  candidissima),  46. 
farinosa  (Rubus  nigrobaccus),  35-36,  102. 
impatientifolia  (Impatiens  biflora),  43,  112. 
nodulosa  (Rubus  nigrobaccus),  36. 
tumifica  (Solidago  rugosa),  52,  126. 
vitis  (Vitis),  44. 

GALL-PR  OB  UCING  LEPID  OPTERA . 

TINEIDAE. 
Ectoedemia 
populella  (Populus  tremuloides),  10. 

ELACHISTIDAE. 
Stagmatophora 
sexnotella  (Trichostema  dicbotomum),  47,  118. 

GELECHIIDAE. 
Gnorimoschema 
gallaesolidaginis  (Solidago),  51. 

TORTRICIDAE. 
Ecdytolopha 
insiticiana  (Robinia  pseudacacia),  41,  110. 

Eucosma 
scudderiana  (Solidago),  51-52. 


l.'lii  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

GA LL-PR OD  UCING  H  YMENOPTEHA . 

TBNTHRB  DINID  AE. 

Cryptocampus 

eooperae  (Salix),  11-12,  70. 
nodus  (Salix),  12. 
ovum  (Salix),  12,  70. 

Nematus 
pomum  (Salix  cordata),  12. 

INQUILINE    CYNIPIDAE. 

(These  species  have  been  mistaken  for  gall-makers.) 

Synergus 
lana  (see  Andricus  flocci),  25. 
oneratus  (see  Holcaspis  globulus),  29. 

Cynips 
pisum  (see  Acraspis  pezomachoides),  28. 

GALL-MAKING  CYNIPIDAE. 

Rhodites 
bicolor  (Rosa),  37. 
dichlocerus  (Rosa),   37. 
globulus  (Rosa  Carolina),  38. 
ignota  (Rosa),  37,  106. 
lenticularis  (Rosa),  37-38,  106. 
multispinosus  (Rosa),  38,  106. 
radicum  (Rosa),  38. 
rosae  (Rosa  rubiginosa),  39. 
sphaericus  (Rosa  Carolina),  3<S,  106. 
verna  (Rosa),  38,  106. 

Gonaspis 
potentillae  (Potentilla  canadensis),  37. 

Diastrophus 

bassettii  (Rubus  procumbens,  R.  hispidns),  36,  104. 
cuscutaeformis  (Rubus  nigrobaccus),  36,  104. 
nebulosus  (Rubus  nigrobaccus),  36,  104. 

Amphibolips 

coelebs  (Quercus  rubra,  <^.  coceinea),  L8,  78. 

confluentus  (Quercus  rubra,  <,>.  coceinea,  Q.  velutina),  18-19. 

Llicifoliae  (Quercus  nana),  25,  88. 

i minis  (Quercus  rubra,  <J.  coceinea),  19. 

uubilipennis  (Quercus  rubra,  Q.  coceinea,  Q.  velutina),  19,  74. 


Insect  Galls.  L37 

primus  (Quercus  rubra,  Q.  nana),  19,  «S6. 

tinctoriae  (Quercus  coccinea,  Q.  velutina)",  22,  7  1.  so.  , 

Andricus 
excavatus  (Quercus),  17. 

flocei  (Quercus  nana,  Q.  alba),  25,  90. 

gallaestriatae  (Quercus  coccinea),  23,  82. 

imbricariae  (Quercus  nana),  25. 

petiolicola  (Quercus  alba,  Q.  prinus,  Q.  prinoides),  27,  96. 

piperoides  ( (Quercus  rubra),  19-20. 

singularis  (Quercus  rubra),  20. 

ventricosus  (Quercus  nana),  25,  92. 

Callirhytis 
clavula  ((Quercus  alba),  27. 
cornigera  (Quercus  palustris),  21. 
fruticola  (Quercus  coccinea),  23,  82. 
lutilis  (Quercus  alba),  27-28. 
operator  (Quercus  nana),  4,  25-26,  92. 

palustris  (Quercus  palustris,  Q.  coccinea,  Q.  nana),  21-22,  84. 
papillata  (Quercus  prinus),  31. 

punctata  (Quercus  rubra,  Q.  coccinea,  Q.  velutina),  3,   20. 
pusulatoides  (Quercus  coccinea),  23. 
saccularius  (Quercus  coccinea,  Q.  velutina),  23. 
seminator  (Quercus  alba),  28. 
similis  (Quercus  nana),  26,  90. 
tuberosa  (Quercus  nana),  26. 

OYNIPS. 

(Most  of   the  species  arranged  under  this   generic  name  have  been 
described  as  galls  only,  hence  their  assignment  to  the  genus  is  provisional. ) 
aspera  (Quercus  nana),  26,  74,  88. 
caducus  (Quercus  prinoides),  31,  98. 
constricta  (Quercus  rubra),  20,  76. 
cristata  (Quercus  coccinea,  Q.  nana),  24,  86. 
decidua  (Quercus  rubra),  20,  96. 
frondosa  (Quercus  prinoides),  31,  98. 
obovata  (Quercus  coccinea),  24,  74,  84. 
prinoides  (Quercus  prinoides),  31-32,  98. 
sera  (Quercus  coccinea),  24. 
strobilana  (Quercus  alba,  Q.  platanoides),  28. 

Acraspis 

pezomachoides  (Quercus  alba),  28. 

Xanthoteras 

forticornis  (Quercus  alba),  28-29. 


138  Bulletin  2:     Springfield  Museum. 

Dryophanta 

lanata  (Quercus  rubra,  Q.  coccinea)    21,  76. 

Holcaspis 

duricoria  (Quercus  platan oides),  30,  96. 

fasciata  (Quercus  rubra,  Q.  coccinea,  Q.  velutina,  Q.  nana),  21, 

globulus  (Quercus  alba),  29. 

rugosa  (Quercus  prinoides),  32,  96. 

Neuroterus 
batatus  (Quercus  alba),  4,  29. 
exiguissimus  (Quercus  alba),  29,  94. 
tloccosus  (Quercus  platanoides),  30. 
noxiosus  (Quercus  platanoides),  30-31. 
vesiculus  (Quercus  alba),  30. 

Aulax 

tumidus  (Lactuca  canadensis),  49. 

Solenozopheria 
vaccinii  (Vaccinium  pennsylvanicum),  46. 


INDEX  OF   NAMES  OF  PLANTS. 


Arrr,  42-43. 
Alder,  16-72. 
Alnus,  16,  72. 
Ambrosia,  41). 
Amelanchier,  39,  108. 
Ash,  46-47. 
Aspen,  9-10,  66. 
Aster,  53-54,  126-128. 
Basswood,  44-45. 
Beech,  16. 
Betula,  16,  72. 
Bindweed,  47,  116. 
Birch,   16,  72. 
Bittersweet,  41-42. 
Blackberry,  35-36,  102-104, 
Blueberry,  46. 
Blue-curls,  47,  118. 
Carpinus,  15. 
Carya,  12-15,  70. 
Castanea,  16-17,  74. 
Celastrus,  41-42. 
Celtis,  33. 
Cherry,  39-40,  110. 
Chestnut,  16-17,  74. 
Cinquefoil,  37. 
Clematis,  34,  100. 
Convolvulus,  47,  116. 
Cornus,  45-46. 
Corylus,  15-16,  72. 
Crataegus,  39,  108. 
Crotalaria,  40,  110. 
Currant,  34,  100. 
Deerberry,  46,  116. 
Diervilla,  48. 
Dogwood,  45-46. 


Elder,  48,  lis- 1 20. 
Elm,  32-33,  100. 
Eupatorium,  49,  L20-122. 
Euthamia,  53. 
Fagus,  16. 
Fragaria,  36,  104. 
Fraxinus,  46-47. 
Golden  glow,  54,  128. 
Goldenrod,  49-53,  122-126. 
Grape,  4:1-44,  114. 
Hackberry,  :'>:!. 
Hamamelis,  :!4-.">5. 
Hardhack,  35,  102. 
Hazel,  15-16,  72. 
Hickory,  12-15,  70. 
Hicoria,  12-15,  70. 
Hornbeam,  15. 
Impatiens,  43, 112. 
June-berry,  39,  108. 
Lactuca,  49. 
Lettuce,  49. 
Linden,  44-45. 
Liriodendron,  ;'>:'>. 
Locust,  41,  110. 
Maple,  42-43. 
Meadow-sweet,  35. 
Oak,  17-32,  74-98. 
Parthenocissus,  44,  116. 
Picea,  8,  66. 
Pine,  7. 
Pinus,  7. 

Poison  ivy,  41,  114. 
Polycodium,  46. 
Poplar,  8-10,  66. 
Populus,  8-10,  66. 


Potentilla,  37. 
Prunus,  39-40,  110. 
Quercus,  17-32,  74-98. 
Ragweed,  49. 
Rattlebox,  40,  110. 
Rhus,  41,  114. 
Ribes,  34,  100. 
Robinia,  41,  110. 
Rosa,  37-39,  106. 
Rose,  37-39,  106. 
Rubus,  35-36,  102-104. 
Rudbeckia,  54,  128. 
Salix,  10-12,  66-70. 
Sambucus,  48,  118-120. 
Solidago,  49-53,  122-126. 
Spiraea,  35,  102. 
Spruce,  8,  66. 
Strawberry,  36,  104. 
Sumac,  41,  114. 
Thorn,  39,  10S. 
Thoroughwort,  49,  120. 
Tilia,  44-45. 
Touch-me-not,  4M,  112. 
Trichostema,  47,  118. 
Tulip-tree,  33. 
Ulmus,  32-33,  100, 
Vaccinium,  46,  116. 
Viburnum,  48. 
Viola,  45,  116. 
Violet,  45,  116. 
Vitis,  43-44,  114. 
White  snake-root,  49,  122. 
Willow,  10-12,  66-70. 
Witch-hazel,  34-35. 
Woodbine,  44,  116. 


(  139  ) 


